早前各地均收到中國寄送的不明種子包裹,招來各地區政府的警覺,不斷提醒市民千萬不要種植不明來歷的植物,以免釀成生態災難。460Please respect copyright.PENANAHDMsJEtzm0
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外來品種對本土生態所造成的傷害是可以非常巨大的。事實上,美國、加拿大及各歐洲地區現正亦面對著一場生態災難的風波。460Please respect copyright.PENANA1W6vpP2YuV
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早在2002年,美國密歇根州首度發現名為Emerald Ash Borer的甲蟲(光臘瘦吉丁蟲, EAB)品種出現,相信是從亞洲經由黏附在貨物的方式抵達美國,其後亦陸續在加拿大及歐洲地區發現。460Please respect copyright.PENANA7nBKGe1o7E
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EAB及其幼蟲主要以侵蝕梣樹(Ash tree)為生,至今摧毀了美洲數以億計的梣樹。460Please respect copyright.PENANA4tLo33n1bd
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梣樹是製造傢俬、棒球棍及結他的材料,同時亦是各鳥類及昆蟲的住所。460Please respect copyright.PENANAcIBo33qdZg
而基於梣樹的樹木亦會用作柴火燃燒之用,人為物流同時間亦加速了EAB在各地區的散播。460Please respect copyright.PENANACudKLlrnvA
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(圖2)然而,亞洲地區尤其是中國因為擁有龐大數量的EAB捕食者,所以樹木被受侵蝕的情況並不算是嚴重。460Please respect copyright.PENANARF6BHO4R4g
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正因如此,美國及加拿大相繼引入中國4種不同品種的黃蜂(Ref1),藉此希望抑制EAB在大自然間的數量。460Please respect copyright.PENANAsnBfpFs1u3
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2009年至2014年間,美國分別在300個受侵地區釋放數十萬隻雌性黃蜂(及一定比例的男性),並錄得EAB幼蟲90%的下跌。460Please respect copyright.PENANAIJsgtk57og
結果雖有成效,但這始終是一種引入外來物種對抗外來物種的做法,難保會否構成另一種生態災難,報告(Ref1)指出將會密切觀察引入中國黃蜂物種所帶來的效果。460Please respect copyright.PENANAANJZBYRg7i
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(圖3)同時間,科學家發現中國地區的樹木品種相對上較為有效抵抗EAB的侵襲。460Please respect copyright.PENANAqMiBeqkejZ
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基於這點,科學家分析各地區的樹木基因(Ref2),推斷至少有53種基因促使中國樹木較為有效抵抗EAB侵襲。460Please respect copyright.PENANAOcw7zb2A1S
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當中其中一種有著顯著分別的基因主要負責製造木質素(Lignin),而各文獻亦有證據指出木質素(Lignin)有著保護樹木內層及釋放物質吸引EAB捕食者前來的效果。460Please respect copyright.PENANAhKtUP3X7lp
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現時美國雖然已用上引入捕食者及殺蟲劑的做法抑壓EAB的數量增長,但樹木侵蝕的現象並未有完全地根治及解決。460Please respect copyright.PENANANm20cTX0Pr
長遠來說,利用基因改造技術把相關的基因編輯在美國本土的樹木,或許才能徹底根治問題。460Please respect copyright.PENANAIY139TKwrp
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總而言之,外來物種的入侵,將會對當地的生態及經濟構成相當大的負擔,任何市民均有責任及義務杜絕此等事情發生。460Please respect copyright.PENANAdBh4Fx1v2s
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Ref1:https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/49122460Please respect copyright.PENANA71Qrej9UJV
Ref2:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-1209-3460Please respect copyright.PENANA49XPD2JJs5