全球約有35%的食物產量,均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲,讓農作物得以健康成長。299Please respect copyright.PENANA8Oy1Fx4u6S
299Please respect copyright.PENANALdTKw4I9IN
299Please respect copyright.PENANABfMrzXmdaq
在這個層面上,農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑,究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?299Please respect copyright.PENANAsoZUoHXtpF
299Please respect copyright.PENANAWxX9VFZDpA
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種,內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合,引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。299Please respect copyright.PENANA61Zl3KGSSX
299Please respect copyright.PENANAAhtyTpgAQj
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制,可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009299Please respect copyright.PENANArGJabQQFJo
299Please respect copyright.PENANAgVktu3sBlS
299Please respect copyright.PENANAAK9dAhzFod
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性,益蟲害蟲均會送命。299Please respect copyright.PENANADYe46ItjCQ
正因如此,全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑,以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。299Please respect copyright.PENANAodCH0u3F25
299Please respect copyright.PENANAb2wWbBWYqs
題外話,人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別,所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。299Please respect copyright.PENANAIrBWgM6v1B
299Please respect copyright.PENANAjnlnPGmkVL
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用,新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。299Please respect copyright.PENANA12uUC3aney
299Please respect copyright.PENANAGgZVkpXIgJ
299Please respect copyright.PENANALwTyAzK0BF
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑,但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。299Please respect copyright.PENANAiXp1I0I0XY
299Please respect copyright.PENANAXVIg2rUFD5
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同,根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式,舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別,而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。299Please respect copyright.PENANAXA7Oc1Rq23
299Please respect copyright.PENANAF0msNXYiuj
299Please respect copyright.PENANAKXJ6aD84Bo
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外,對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?299Please respect copyright.PENANAT7vBTKCxNR
299Please respect copyright.PENANAHUWoOqv1cO
299Please respect copyright.PENANAAafKGnva96
答案是接近沒有過人之處,它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。299Please respect copyright.PENANAs1KcLbyUaV
299Please respect copyright.PENANASSKH6B3guK
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣,能長年積累在環境裡頭。299Please respect copyright.PENANAzexCvO7SvE
299Please respect copyright.PENANA2rN2VgrqII
以蜜蜂為例,雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡,但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。299Please respect copyright.PENANAYYx5itivI9
299Please respect copyright.PENANACIIHl6q92p
相對上,另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低,2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。299Please respect copyright.PENANArDPoaOMHc6
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響,歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下,生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。299Please respect copyright.PENANAcRx53tb2Ej
299Please respect copyright.PENANAnwqbftIwkW
299Please respect copyright.PENANAMPOFrWD1YH
顯然,新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。299Please respect copyright.PENANA1VIQ2q8vP7
299Please respect copyright.PENANArMEVHY0Kyk
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候,往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗,但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多,加上昆蟲本身的獨特性,對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害,因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。299Please respect copyright.PENANAsprsXrvBlh
299Please respect copyright.PENANAtTcoSSyExL
同時間,現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響,這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。299Please respect copyright.PENANAPu7CeJflYC
299Please respect copyright.PENANACgQuYxuUOw
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。299Please respect copyright.PENANAdxAEQC4hFt
299Please respect copyright.PENANAhpWEhSZtkB
299Please respect copyright.PENANAretg4JEORK
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。299Please respect copyright.PENANAzpEGFN3zTc
299Please respect copyright.PENANACri02ZmnzJ
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc299Please respect copyright.PENANAF7DjqZqc6t
299Please respect copyright.PENANAQmvIl401tl
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。299Please respect copyright.PENANArPe4gO7fQD
299Please respect copyright.PENANAPXezjyuQ60
Link:299Please respect copyright.PENANA1Rcj7mbzzk
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio299Please respect copyright.PENANAHYwfPnigpJ
299Please respect copyright.PENANAnl0eNqhJiK
299Please respect copyright.PENANA3ZwD9cQFi2
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。299Please respect copyright.PENANAgWW23RwELm
299Please respect copyright.PENANAHCcb07tPYA
https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/299Please respect copyright.PENANAz5epquUuiT
299Please respect copyright.PENANAeUDWiu95yD
Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/