
非洲到而家169Please respect copyright.PENANA7X8B8pSNQB
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒169Please respect copyright.PENANAmr5Spcaemx
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?169Please respect copyright.PENANAGCLiMcL7JH
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic169Please respect copyright.PENANAc8rZVtNCnN
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題169Please respect copyright.PENANANH9bsEM3Lh
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先169Please respect copyright.PENANACalxIPs2s2
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後169Please respect copyright.PENANAdq3BKbe1XK
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗169Please respect copyright.PENANA2uJ09FAJEO
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品169Please respect copyright.PENANA8nBZFkNStf
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高169Please respect copyright.PENANALCFPa4PBFl
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅169Please respect copyright.PENANAT6KVhi4tZX
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙169Please respect copyright.PENANAbuJB9sELxr
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下169Please respect copyright.PENANANui69bXJmi
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙169Please respect copyright.PENANAmGb4GjEiDR
1493年3月15日星期五中午 169Please respect copyright.PENANAByf7WXw9BE
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸169Please respect copyright.PENANAiLvJfupeVb
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦169Please respect copyright.PENANABsHmbS53cs
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布169Please respect copyright.PENANAm1Dh2vt3ZX
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報169Please respect copyright.PENANAcb6XrY271o
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸169Please respect copyright.PENANAwucwdd98VC
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網169Please respect copyright.PENANALq0mEbXVT1
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAlPSCsFeueI
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞169Please respect copyright.PENANAOcUo9aTZOA
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸169Please respect copyright.PENANAiA4zBMdodn
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)169Please respect copyright.PENANA3IGqx6spcK
咁既然唔係亞洲169Please respect copyright.PENANAS56VbvWxcA
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料169Please respect copyright.PENANAPrpabpi2wI
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀169Please respect copyright.PENANA3KHBjVEhB6
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAyW98EedUlj
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下169Please respect copyright.PENANAXT2d7Z155U
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇169Please respect copyright.PENANALrmuyVAjbu
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時169Please respect copyright.PENANAVCjZ2TABiP
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地169Please respect copyright.PENANAEqD4w05uWq
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力169Please respect copyright.PENANAnpCdB56L1l
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累169Please respect copyright.PENANAVRI56XOAOx
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖169Please respect copyright.PENANAtZIqFiQ20I
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗169Please respect copyright.PENANAabj58P2xag
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多169Please respect copyright.PENANAqHqbiZfE9S
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易169Please respect copyright.PENANAJyq5kWZ0H3
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水169Please respect copyright.PENANAoQZQMjAUfr
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度169Please respect copyright.PENANACpqIcRlB7d
同環繞赤道一周差唔多169Please respect copyright.PENANAWBF8ze0Msm
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲169Please respect copyright.PENANAd3BtIpABq9
萬一有咩阻滯169Please respect copyright.PENANAxmuLtpwIdE
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道169Please respect copyright.PENANAfUDFIZRbeD
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢169Please respect copyright.PENANAumGvJ3BfIg
就仆得街喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAFnczhRZ79y
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年169Please respect copyright.PENANAGSTQTd4lq7
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得169Please respect copyright.PENANAVadRDw0jJo
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天169Please respect copyright.PENANAOI6tu5DNpZ
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非169Please respect copyright.PENANAChDRyassnC
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年169Please respect copyright.PENANA3mJVlBsKzQ
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生169Please respect copyright.PENANAwKQvNcSLse
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺169Please respect copyright.PENANAAks8lLDg0U
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等169Please respect copyright.PENANABujq6Oj6HB
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)169Please respect copyright.PENANAVlYeNRFfEJ
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支169Please respect copyright.PENANAaMjwOATHmr
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊169Please respect copyright.PENANAknPd04zD96
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢169Please respect copyright.PENANAL9HcWKBov5
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講169Please respect copyright.PENANApUWceyrPE6
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉169Please respect copyright.PENANAEabLgFDJwx
就算食到都消化不良啦169Please respect copyright.PENANATA1SAUAFR9
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站169Please respect copyright.PENANAvy8KbinNjf
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向169Please respect copyright.PENANAoByjHrtD0V
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞169Please respect copyright.PENANA5AuDcG68wk
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多169Please respect copyright.PENANAOJpOhdHlUJ
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:169Please respect copyright.PENANAnMJVRGg0cS
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢169Please respect copyright.PENANAt2gKc1DUoU
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫169Please respect copyright.PENANA05oodPKBTi
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近169Please respect copyright.PENANAIE5YyumcEq
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎169Please respect copyright.PENANAL3cUtqoLp0
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力169Please respect copyright.PENANAIr5t6T7CEa
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁169Please respect copyright.PENANAoyPTvRAe7k
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩169Please respect copyright.PENANA6fFew2iXcH
美洲有耕地169Please respect copyright.PENANAFHKjVnyWCF
非洲有人力169Please respect copyright.PENANAySSrGU1Nco
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心169Please respect copyright.PENANAqamLUCgrZq
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦169Please respect copyright.PENANAFaEMxBjsuQ
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢169Please respect copyright.PENANArFfe891ftm
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼169Please respect copyright.PENANABkkIqxKKP2
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢169Please respect copyright.PENANA0bbXhDdv46
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國169Please respect copyright.PENANAd1EJ1BDrm7
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦169Please respect copyright.PENANA11tjxv7841
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行169Please respect copyright.PENANAZJaPuN203K
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣169Please respect copyright.PENANAF1e5ku6J4L
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴169Please respect copyright.PENANABPNg5eEaQR
由此激發各國投入人力物力169Please respect copyright.PENANAkLAZn0Q2mn
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器169Please respect copyright.PENANAyk7tn0hxnX
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船169Please respect copyright.PENANA8TFJJXgITb
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展169Please respect copyright.PENANAlchL676B0c
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等169Please respect copyright.PENANAKMiMzPeyNE
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話169Please respect copyright.PENANAYUjUpY1plR
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易169Please respect copyright.PENANA0amhvnxRkw
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲169Please respect copyright.PENANA7dpcMzNqgH為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度169Please respect copyright.PENANAu9By8qmXQ7
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:169Please respect copyright.PENANA7DITC4pBzL
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?169Please respect copyright.PENANAAwXIKD7Kfe
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒169Please respect copyright.PENANAoLq98AQEWr
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀169Please respect copyright.PENANAgD0YBdBlkB
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢169Please respect copyright.PENANAYXdjjYL7ZO
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成169Please respect copyright.PENANASmDP4bhjcu
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉169Please respect copyright.PENANAHjxJ58ifQD
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現169Please respect copyright.PENANA9bxVRpWw40
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲169Please respect copyright.PENANAkheSQJVY9l
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉169Please respect copyright.PENANALVxd8jboeY
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團169Please respect copyright.PENANAVTWyqrLkGq
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議169Please respect copyright.PENANA1QLOtcTPan
準備選出新教宗喇169Please respect copyright.PENANA6GFKQvvwmw
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖169Please respect copyright.PENANAqMTGJ7JLH0
自16世紀起169Please respect copyright.PENANAIgh95XoDNw
呢個小圈子選舉169Please respect copyright.PENANAtXh0RBOOag
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控169Please respect copyright.PENANAjxHBUlPacx
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益169Please respect copyright.PENANAG9PPjuIoM7
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營169Please respect copyright.PENANABpVQHTCyAA
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤169Please respect copyright.PENANAyLlE2dijqu
有時仲會大打出手169Please respect copyright.PENANAbjqgk5ncH8
好似1605年3月嗰次169Please respect copyright.PENANAPPCQnSKCKp
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨169Please respect copyright.PENANAP0DeqLdKyr
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈169Please respect copyright.PENANAkPJ78UR0vq
不過呢個唔係今集重點169Please respect copyright.PENANAxT2BaNQaHM
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAjj93t0esXz
我直接講個結果:169Please respect copyright.PENANALR1bZmJH0X
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗169Please respect copyright.PENANAAPzt7poRXE
法號伍朋八世169Please respect copyright.PENANAc80tR8tgYs
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員169Please respect copyright.PENANAEVLSVkJ5bg
…169Please respect copyright.PENANAIFHY5n0p1K
..169Please respect copyright.PENANAuCxIHzLV9y
.169Please respect copyright.PENANAJVh6PyVQPa
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???169Please respect copyright.PENANAK6wIEw6eXx
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAObzOSKRzNz
佢地其實係病死嘅169Please respect copyright.PENANAXIgAz6BUZy
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"169Please respect copyright.PENANAaKOlkSio47
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇169Please respect copyright.PENANA8wJeyDOb0D
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播169Please respect copyright.PENANAGB5GIhjrgV
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時169Please respect copyright.PENANAmx3IbFI0Hc
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味169Please respect copyright.PENANA0ChwMPgnUL
係會令人發燒同病死169Please respect copyright.PENANAPwsNOcjrzV
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾169Please respect copyright.PENANATkF7IcPtbn
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後169Please respect copyright.PENANAQNqFXOFYWe
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘169Please respect copyright.PENANAYVi3xf3sTz
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體169Please respect copyright.PENANA4WizdBO46g
帶返去羅馬本土喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAxnNBtvzUpM
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶169Please respect copyright.PENANAMuTJAYAb3E
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖169Please respect copyright.PENANAjaa7exGu8g
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地169Please respect copyright.PENANAbC7LWX7c0M
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣169Please respect copyright.PENANADPmO4gErSt
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時169Please respect copyright.PENANAnafZJUYxl3
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命169Please respect copyright.PENANAdqj8Dnld8M
額我略十五世唔遲唔早169Please respect copyright.PENANATPIIOX597B
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋169Please respect copyright.PENANAiU54QOokSS
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAkLnV8ELn62
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世169Please respect copyright.PENANAWXuC702ecL
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召169Please respect copyright.PENANAU1XZQxSM13
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAlOqInQmhZf
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病169Please respect copyright.PENANASsscU6LgLr
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史169Please respect copyright.PENANAYsRhwf49S7
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦169Please respect copyright.PENANA9M85l6Ud28
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾169Please respect copyright.PENANA94inAaSxq2
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法169Please respect copyright.PENANALBo0pZVDQv
真係唔醫好過醫169Please respect copyright.PENANArHOUGkLd1t
不過喺呢個大航海時代169Please respect copyright.PENANAyT1fVRFvfX
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢169Please respect copyright.PENANA58t0gIArnf
16世紀起169Please respect copyright.PENANAiSLRScL6jH
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊169Please respect copyright.PENANAEmQhq3Rqxf
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲169Please respect copyright.PENANAq7bDXqUILU
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛169Please respect copyright.PENANAVO991WzY2u
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人169Please respect copyright.PENANAkg8dZb5WXf
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣169Please respect copyright.PENANA9OHHygf5Jk
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目169Please respect copyright.PENANAaH04E62s3H
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材169Please respect copyright.PENANAbktgQs4hpR
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英169Please respect copyright.PENANAKjnDqFxpQ3
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落169Please respect copyright.PENANAJk7IdWDFJ5
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAVFGeUDASUG
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情169Please respect copyright.PENANAhPaBKnyOvf
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....169Please respect copyright.PENANA3Xe7o0gSla
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸169Please respect copyright.PENANAj3CnGLQsov
喺呢個地理大發現時代169Please respect copyright.PENANAshVeAHtOeS
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置169Please respect copyright.PENANApYSN3glg4Z
呢個故事嘅主要成份169Please respect copyright.PENANAwWWrX3xqp6
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初169Please respect copyright.PENANASUXszqfOtB
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬169Please respect copyright.PENANAO0uXyI3ILs
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後169Please respect copyright.PENANAiv6mQ04AYd
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土169Please respect copyright.PENANArH0QMY3rQa
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場169Please respect copyright.PENANAm2oPoPUHyE
咁有農地自然就要灌溉169Please respect copyright.PENANAu2ppZkXXGZ
而灌溉自然就會有積水169Please respect copyright.PENANAexuPKvq3Ig
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAklp3mp1BdW
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲169Please respect copyright.PENANAnvFGxjLUrq
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅169Please respect copyright.PENANAlp46eEkaan
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大169Please respect copyright.PENANA1ilPCJINvy
自16世紀中期起169Please respect copyright.PENANAzvf1h3ngVJ
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上169Please respect copyright.PENANAHpEpkVNGyj
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼169Please respect copyright.PENANAnX2A8lCaYn
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAJjjU21FF9f
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外169Please respect copyright.PENANAMboKPoU2bH
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲169Please respect copyright.PENANAjkOoFnERCp
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆169Please respect copyright.PENANAVooVFfQlZ7
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯169Please respect copyright.PENANA1hOVGegQqE
如無意外169Please respect copyright.PENANA21pKcvgrYF
呢啲新興嘅殖民地169Please respect copyright.PENANASL5oczR2gX
將會同羅馬一樣169Please respect copyright.PENANAyMvYTtIg4i
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒169Please respect copyright.PENANAv78RYfGjE1
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地169Please respect copyright.PENANA2BgoykI10a
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士169Please respect copyright.PENANALuChfI2rli
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾169Please respect copyright.PENANArowrmYyRpu
不過喺利馬169Please respect copyright.PENANAfGXAgVkgKD
情況就有啲唔同169Please respect copyright.PENANAod6K6ueU0S
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情169Please respect copyright.PENANA8s6R3U2ESF
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多169Please respect copyright.PENANAGBd6BKRyWS
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"169Please respect copyright.PENANAUlbniCiMYU
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女169Please respect copyright.PENANAUsQM6dMyiU
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)169Please respect copyright.PENANA17VWYz5XtC
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)169Please respect copyright.PENANAgilzU52vQF
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人169Please respect copyright.PENANAH95TO5t3xN
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"169Please respect copyright.PENANA7XtDGfH0Xj
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾169Please respect copyright.PENANAiO3Ih7FTvK
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAhFzqKHsx6y
不過喺嗰個年代169Please respect copyright.PENANAweSOTgCX7v
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法169Please respect copyright.PENANAT7GL2yIXjI
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫169Please respect copyright.PENANAhiu5tRM9ye
其實當時耶穌會啲教士169Please respect copyright.PENANA8yWWogCsoA
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥169Please respect copyright.PENANAeUClzOd2TL
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載169Please respect copyright.PENANAYpDJu9ylgj
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩169Please respect copyright.PENANA04NktpUnhM
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾169Please respect copyright.PENANAjKIlJIELkC
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋169Please respect copyright.PENANAJSzJDUa00A
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時169Please respect copyright.PENANA2s1J24y37p
因為會引起間歇性高燒169Please respect copyright.PENANAhNHpLpdwp6
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAJZZH5mcOBP
點知咁啱得咁橋169Please respect copyright.PENANA26UX8KHQmT
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲169Please respect copyright.PENANAeGbxp3Rn1i
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾169Please respect copyright.PENANAqrT6arGYa7
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練169Please respect copyright.PENANAJaYt7lSkRO
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下169Please respect copyright.PENANALk7q8bLYj3
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用169Please respect copyright.PENANAEzI477TFPX
最後喺1632年169Please respect copyright.PENANAVeyM46xN3U
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬169Please respect copyright.PENANAA8wwowQvjb
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效169Please respect copyright.PENANANO0NFQgqMN
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥169Please respect copyright.PENANA663qYaDDz0
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"169Please respect copyright.PENANAPbhXauW4DE
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAc7KDrNEDB9
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜169Please respect copyright.PENANAbRybcyOc1N
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅169Please respect copyright.PENANAshvfn0Tbat
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾169Please respect copyright.PENANAEyeAkQRwcW
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話169Please respect copyright.PENANAMF1DrzGnIN
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地169Please respect copyright.PENANAvvWr7jocaT
遇到咩奇難雜症都好169Please respect copyright.PENANAG5p7PD4z4S
只要將自己嘅問題169Please respect copyright.PENANAPkNofT3181
變埋做其他人嘅問題169Please respect copyright.PENANApmB5qiXETn
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決169Please respect copyright.PENANAMbCSvyxZF4
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解169Please respect copyright.PENANAKUNhmCEIgV
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅169Please respect copyright.PENANARP3pV7DCr7
佢發夢都唔會諗到169Please respect copyright.PENANA9kbiFNz1g7
佢嗰個大轉移169Please respect copyright.PENANAIKzTtc0Ks7
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦169Please respect copyright.PENANATzPqkTmGQ6
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒169Please respect copyright.PENANAYgh2dm4knq
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥169Please respect copyright.PENANAq5PiPnC9qZ
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利169Please respect copyright.PENANAXDAMqFT3fI
視乎你從咩角度睇啦169Please respect copyright.PENANA9tKhbjUTIj
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG169Please respect copyright.PENANA4W5gcvBFe4
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失169Please respect copyright.PENANAw8F7JOg9X7
現實就係喺嗰時169Please respect copyright.PENANABDD9FNmEW8
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴169Please respect copyright.PENANAbuqbqVPpW7
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾169Please respect copyright.PENANAOLvLUMDZAx
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工169Please respect copyright.PENANAxAbMUfu8PR
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅169Please respect copyright.PENANAeK2YFFpSpJ
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣169Please respect copyright.PENANAZWiCN6opvg
都只係數字嚟啫169Please respect copyright.PENANAVOAHis32UV
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講169Please respect copyright.PENANAWkPfusiRN2
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題169Please respect copyright.PENANAG2Yt2i0PgT
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣169Please respect copyright.PENANAnIaGpWmMRx
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼169Please respect copyright.PENANAtrHPyT6xrO
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:169Please respect copyright.PENANAyKuwJ5vIwA
1)苦到仆街169Please respect copyright.PENANAw9W7PG35fX
2)有毒169Please respect copyright.PENANAA5l31gJsGW
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦169Please respect copyright.PENANANvwi3YUGVt
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇169Please respect copyright.PENANA0q2kvKAeUf
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人169Please respect copyright.PENANA0E2BmAsNMj
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法169Please respect copyright.PENANAwpBvdXBd1f
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水169Please respect copyright.PENANAxYefmygOrH
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下169Please respect copyright.PENANAjvzMFVfAo3
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?169Please respect copyright.PENANARsC6AHmpai
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAX8woYAibuK
以奎寧為例169Please respect copyright.PENANAgSYGNhktwu
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種169Please respect copyright.PENANAlUwBs5DJxb
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同169Please respect copyright.PENANAd1kpLWqewX
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟169Please respect copyright.PENANA2yOBjHF85H
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知169Please respect copyright.PENANAXwADPv9ujy
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉169Please respect copyright.PENANAyW8rlMcgUm
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑169Please respect copyright.PENANAoxvLlHcWXJ
有時會唔夠藥效169Please respect copyright.PENANAB6ojvBDH4B
有時又過量中毒169Please respect copyright.PENANAX23VMI4eT5
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲169Please respect copyright.PENANAsaBm3eFFxV
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?169Please respect copyright.PENANAW0X8oCp6la
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAoAR1cK0WYs
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為169Please respect copyright.PENANAAuDFrNnhMY
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉169Please respect copyright.PENANANcVq2R60Dt
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀169Please respect copyright.PENANA1nRFDdV9p0
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾169Please respect copyright.PENANAxHQMeq21A1
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAVwFCSd4ryU
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 169Please respect copyright.PENANAamurSNli5U
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲169Please respect copyright.PENANAdQcSkIlx48
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥169Please respect copyright.PENANAVb0W7eCkfz
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒169Please respect copyright.PENANAfdLPBUSrWn
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫169Please respect copyright.PENANAPwVcGnvI59
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候169Please respect copyright.PENANALq9Jr8eE5z
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦169Please respect copyright.PENANAshKCLp7bUl
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升169Please respect copyright.PENANAqnTgZkadrD
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少169Please respect copyright.PENANACONuX9YuWB
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命169Please respect copyright.PENANAumgdR2ekbn
喺名人效應下169Please respect copyright.PENANAeJtcqpxviI
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”169Please respect copyright.PENANAZUWJmOIkyP
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAW6AFBsLPDy
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告169Please respect copyright.PENANAmBd2TQy7ka
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder”
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋169Please respect copyright.PENANA2N97F3mObL
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子169Please respect copyright.PENANACy0I33lFq6
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”169Please respect copyright.PENANAeJzPTOymtT
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAmgHZ88KoSe
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限169Please respect copyright.PENANA6Zt7myBEGS
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士169Please respect copyright.PENANAuR8XwPn6Sc
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾169Please respect copyright.PENANAwRnnX4NQUJ
要大規模應用喺平民度169Please respect copyright.PENANAKAxvJmH6b7
係諗都唔使諗169Please respect copyright.PENANAas4hCk8p8Q
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限169Please respect copyright.PENANA7ZiRAl91J1
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識169Please respect copyright.PENANAW0JgMXf0PW
正以前所未有嘅速度增長169Please respect copyright.PENANAuXji6tri0i
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源169Please respect copyright.PENANAy1H0OnieyS
而研究出嚟嘅成果169Please respect copyright.PENANAeLAAjTKf64
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤169Please respect copyright.PENANA27Op2vNqWa
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時169Please respect copyright.PENANA7n2ax5FCez
人類了解世界嘅方式169Please respect copyright.PENANAnucvw413bd
再唔係好似以前咁169Please respect copyright.PENANAAX1OXM3oJ4
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAnrveYuIh10
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡169Please respect copyright.PENANAUG9bq5vSNz
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托169Please respect copyright.PENANA97HtPpVn2h
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧169Please respect copyright.PENANAAt9ItrtXt1
自此無論係英王嘅御醫169Please respect copyright.PENANAsqzxkiQTYY
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官169Please respect copyright.PENANAjcea9bQiny
只要有本藥典同個磅169Please respect copyright.PENANAIcCoLLlQdL
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAZ8kpuPrGhx
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票169Please respect copyright.PENANAcmDkNdNZdc
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要169Please respect copyright.PENANAHzmMLXQVjU
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地169Please respect copyright.PENANAMI9AHFfzU4
都深受瘧疾所困擾169Please respect copyright.PENANAywCaKc6Hdv
例如喺1836年169Please respect copyright.PENANAMZq5YKo7Vp
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂169Please respect copyright.PENANAA1i1pPA97T
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡169Please respect copyright.PENANAcBoUtBHufG
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)169Please respect copyright.PENANAg1gZornv3l
死亡率更高達6成半169Please respect copyright.PENANAl22bH07nQP
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾169Please respect copyright.PENANAp9OLJxuj2r
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲169Please respect copyright.PENANAak9vQ3mGu2
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成169Please respect copyright.PENANAhAfPEoEThZ
死亡率之高169Please respect copyright.PENANAUsQD3lOW3n
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”169Please respect copyright.PENANAkIa0z7mXRC
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化169Please respect copyright.PENANA5iBTFZ23aI
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定169Please respect copyright.PENANATmg4KZPmaz
到1860年左右169Please respect copyright.PENANAjUr10zqqU4
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯169Please respect copyright.PENANANLYZ8ulSaV偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園169Please respect copyright.PENANAZ9u9z6azc7
奎寧供應大增169Please respect copyright.PENANAJCb1FRdpJj
喺滿足咗本土需求後169Please respect copyright.PENANAEwGpvvOdjp
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧169Please respect copyright.PENANA62ek9tEHam
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用169Please respect copyright.PENANA43L5uWIAMP
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題169Please respect copyright.PENANAaCImLXtwVC
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥169Please respect copyright.PENANACYtT0516by
原因就係奎寧實在太苦169Please respect copyright.PENANAiiSD7lwKBs
可能你地會諗:冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛169Please respect copyright.PENANA8fR0RhcILa
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題169Please respect copyright.PENANAcDL0p2SrrD
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話169Please respect copyright.PENANATCanf7YTnz
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食169Please respect copyright.PENANAiZPM4S6WBE
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?169Please respect copyright.PENANA3mBSbHz0hM
就唔同咁講喇169Please respect copyright.PENANA49gjbTD8ys
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵169Please respect copyright.PENANAejyTlkWAar
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉169Please respect copyright.PENANA23nm7NypLu
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病169Please respect copyright.PENANABnLe6BZFpC
服從性有幾高可想而知169Please respect copyright.PENANA2JAocTi3QU
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫169Please respect copyright.PENANAt9z7ncrzNe
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話169Please respect copyright.PENANAbJSxcyefKT
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講169Please respect copyright.PENANAEYaJHniGg2
無疑係甘上加甘169Please respect copyright.PENANAbG1O2V3vtZ
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢169Please respect copyright.PENANAFoeD402uqA
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000169Please respect copyright.PENANAF5z1LbLoMi
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度169Please respect copyright.PENANAUjBHPG49Ih
錢就使咗效果又冇169Please respect copyright.PENANALQDLniK2SW
咁點搞?169Please respect copyright.PENANAJ261cj1YDx
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”169Please respect copyright.PENANAQlUJwubBMA
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案169Please respect copyright.PENANAyFlmPBoNK0
作為糖嘅發源地169Please respect copyright.PENANAftTHEOyH6L
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像169Please respect copyright.PENANAwtxilf1Yam
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右169Please respect copyright.PENANAIadDhHYGfd
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官169Please respect copyright.PENANAeDzH5cDLFv
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:169Please respect copyright.PENANAHMcQRo6oXX
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧169Please respect copyright.PENANA4z7Uu1wTMB
溶入高濃度糖水169Please respect copyright.PENANAKJe2WpyT7i
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮169Please respect copyright.PENANAoVHG7kdm9H
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿169Please respect copyright.PENANACbwgLENJVe
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度169Please respect copyright.PENANAXKcymHTUKG
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇169Please respect copyright.PENANAqVaAm5Z2tN
啲軍官再進一步169Please respect copyright.PENANAkabIj1BUZa
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒169Please respect copyright.PENANAQ7dOCSIZ9g
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
169Please respect copyright.PENANAyngd2V5OLi
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆169Please respect copyright.PENANAzYa6KhmI8T
法國人曾經試過用紅酒169Please respect copyright.PENANAOutP7Yuf1F
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪169Please respect copyright.PENANAOAUoXJIuQM
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水169Please respect copyright.PENANArmZ9QDBjF4
味道完全唔融和169Please respect copyright.PENANA80ZjNJYJql
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味169Please respect copyright.PENANApyVdQFDYVz
後來研究發現169Please respect copyright.PENANAT1dVZxi6cH
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份169Please respect copyright.PENANAD4UzMMbEt4
同奎寧結合成聚合體169Please respect copyright.PENANAAaDFBczPpu
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道169Please respect copyright.PENANAh2oNrkzLYS
呢個偶然嘅發現169Please respect copyright.PENANAvy6WIawHqi
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎169Please respect copyright.PENANAqVo8JGpm6t
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵169Please respect copyright.PENANAhvAnj6abTq
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧169Please respect copyright.PENANA86clLeBTI4
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥169Please respect copyright.PENANAFYZfQkU3lA
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品169Please respect copyright.PENANADOwDfHJ5h1
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度169Please respect copyright.PENANA3AZoGJQl0m
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品169Please respect copyright.PENANAtPtr32PO0w
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)169Please respect copyright.PENANASMpIIYUzkn
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水169Please respect copyright.PENANASix7z5IpOY
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水169Please respect copyright.PENANA6SUq84bteI
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命169Please respect copyright.PENANATDMWVlusdZ
例如喺1875年169Please respect copyright.PENANACmMCYHQcNq
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率169Please respect copyright.PENANAEh1EfOUkBU
已經跌到去1.5%169Please respect copyright.PENANAOrpG2B9LrS
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面169Please respect copyright.PENANAbSiyoTPo75
下集會講吓169Please respect copyright.PENANAOUwTx9gxw2
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥169Please respect copyright.PENANAErmREkKlqn
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運169Please respect copyright.PENANAMVIOPgUHSs169Please respect copyright.PENANAgixWFvj31W