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就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙157Please respect copyright.PENANAfAmxITjGLW
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下157Please respect copyright.PENANAOT0gxibAPe
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網157Please respect copyright.PENANA26YX4qAtCn
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦157Please respect copyright.PENANAYAEUC1GQdZ
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞157Please respect copyright.PENANA9MHPrpl8oQ
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咁既然唔係亞洲157Please respect copyright.PENANAgBoGsyywte
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料157Please respect copyright.PENANAGHE12ipksh
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀157Please respect copyright.PENANAALhMIynWSR
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦157Please respect copyright.PENANAN76fzYfTyq
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下157Please respect copyright.PENANAEB240jlICq
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAUGKtm16lAU
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時157Please respect copyright.PENANAnHeimoXvK6
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地157Please respect copyright.PENANAOGCM6DFF8C
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力157Please respect copyright.PENANA8vp8n3R3GR
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累157Please respect copyright.PENANANBwedg8sBh
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖157Please respect copyright.PENANAMfnRGqinyB
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗157Please respect copyright.PENANAHoLj9tDLTp
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多157Please respect copyright.PENANAf6J2CPDFa5
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易157Please respect copyright.PENANA25NgDBsgC0
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水157Please respect copyright.PENANAU6AtStUNKC
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度157Please respect copyright.PENANAnsh8mpePKf
同環繞赤道一周差唔多157Please respect copyright.PENANACIU2OVaS2A
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲157Please respect copyright.PENANA8GgBOt47Nr
萬一有咩阻滯157Please respect copyright.PENANAn3PSx7FSSk
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道157Please respect copyright.PENANADW2sv6qOYg
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢157Please respect copyright.PENANA6yWsDg2TCX
就仆得街喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAiN8klHCPNz
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年157Please respect copyright.PENANA4e0Y7fqCsw
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得157Please respect copyright.PENANANYUleEsnqD
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天157Please respect copyright.PENANAx4FeGidHBA
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非157Please respect copyright.PENANABd3ElhdK21
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年157Please respect copyright.PENANAJmvYj7XyvT
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生157Please respect copyright.PENANAT52zGhlQT8
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺157Please respect copyright.PENANAc8AxmBTzr6
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等157Please respect copyright.PENANAhqd7U8B9xp
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支157Please respect copyright.PENANA7ldGUHuFUN
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊157Please respect copyright.PENANAYFhRBc6eNA
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢157Please respect copyright.PENANABk7fqOlcl8
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講157Please respect copyright.PENANAqSkaE96Flw
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉157Please respect copyright.PENANA09NHzAxxZv
就算食到都消化不良啦157Please respect copyright.PENANAmMWGzcuyin
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站157Please respect copyright.PENANAuxaj4mroZR
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向157Please respect copyright.PENANAMQkDvmQYIF
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞157Please respect copyright.PENANATPn4vsZHHK
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多157Please respect copyright.PENANAp9h7QyvL6S
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:157Please respect copyright.PENANA93T8Jse3qU
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢157Please respect copyright.PENANA2nqvs5rICR
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫157Please respect copyright.PENANAYaEMnyHHHY
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近157Please respect copyright.PENANADFths3zuo3
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎157Please respect copyright.PENANAaoI1Mk9BjF
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力157Please respect copyright.PENANATo0jmK1jbh
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁157Please respect copyright.PENANAlpfZqhK0a7
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩157Please respect copyright.PENANAodbAZibAkP
美洲有耕地157Please respect copyright.PENANAnm4M7j5YQH
非洲有人力157Please respect copyright.PENANAZqAV74E8r2
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心157Please respect copyright.PENANArGgEsM2U9m
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦157Please respect copyright.PENANApRDeA1tgG6
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢157Please respect copyright.PENANAvBcVLgsfIn
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼157Please respect copyright.PENANAgrLYa1vQ2I
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢157Please respect copyright.PENANAWwLz3t2Gsz
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國157Please respect copyright.PENANA76xqWpSnOM
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦157Please respect copyright.PENANAvI8ReypgVZ
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行157Please respect copyright.PENANAtzAhdjsD4Z
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣157Please respect copyright.PENANAKu93XmzJQo
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴157Please respect copyright.PENANAMVp6k5axNX
由此激發各國投入人力物力157Please respect copyright.PENANA5h9lOy88IR
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器157Please respect copyright.PENANANSiKfoI0O8
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船157Please respect copyright.PENANAFk75beorpz
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展157Please respect copyright.PENANAT6swoTeXas
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等157Please respect copyright.PENANAVlCxSCJUSc
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話157Please respect copyright.PENANAT1Zy6k7u4W
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易157Please respect copyright.PENANA0xVRB63bbK
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲157Please respect copyright.PENANAPdxd98StTh為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度157Please respect copyright.PENANA8bi4zEXNUV
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:157Please respect copyright.PENANA0GMmC6OrEI
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?157Please respect copyright.PENANAQNCMx1SQNL
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒157Please respect copyright.PENANA5P7RZlrC3s
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀157Please respect copyright.PENANAwRtRd7D4Ux
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢157Please respect copyright.PENANAZgFY75b9d7
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成157Please respect copyright.PENANABIrnc82swR
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉157Please respect copyright.PENANAkTUYmKx34Z
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現157Please respect copyright.PENANA4Vyt9kb5D5
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲157Please respect copyright.PENANAtDfH05NQu5
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉157Please respect copyright.PENANAcd0Q7YxpNk
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團157Please respect copyright.PENANAkuK4pAzeCP
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議157Please respect copyright.PENANAzUoDaXmrct
準備選出新教宗喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAagEssMZEQK
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖157Please respect copyright.PENANA0u7h3IB1f0
自16世紀起157Please respect copyright.PENANA7ZJPDIoBFz
呢個小圈子選舉157Please respect copyright.PENANAweZsVMdcIx
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控157Please respect copyright.PENANAQHjKCdxTRC
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益157Please respect copyright.PENANAfskHLEERgv
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營157Please respect copyright.PENANAxTqelQRUbh
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤157Please respect copyright.PENANA4TuZB74Q4l
有時仲會大打出手157Please respect copyright.PENANA6H4K2EkS0B
好似1605年3月嗰次157Please respect copyright.PENANAzHikz6h60W
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨157Please respect copyright.PENANAhd2A9uw4ez
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈157Please respect copyright.PENANAETcUMj9u0i
不過呢個唔係今集重點157Please respect copyright.PENANAnf9qlWWYcE
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAVue4vcojHt
我直接講個結果:157Please respect copyright.PENANAvD75oJUCug
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗157Please respect copyright.PENANAbhMBXx3GkZ
法號伍朋八世157Please respect copyright.PENANAUZ8oxB2KPd
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員157Please respect copyright.PENANAOnqSdH6kyo
…157Please respect copyright.PENANAauwWKzUYpu
..157Please respect copyright.PENANAxVvdXKDOLH
.157Please respect copyright.PENANAylohnMkUWS
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???157Please respect copyright.PENANAMdXpne3pKC
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦157Please respect copyright.PENANAoGI5tPxP2e
佢地其實係病死嘅157Please respect copyright.PENANAVO6r4eU6jH
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"157Please respect copyright.PENANAELchSMGNby
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAz5HO42klFf
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播157Please respect copyright.PENANAtRh6TczYbb
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時157Please respect copyright.PENANAFd9I0RXSD9
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味157Please respect copyright.PENANAyxBWu3CTZJ
係會令人發燒同病死157Please respect copyright.PENANAn7G7Sh6FNw
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾157Please respect copyright.PENANAoAtpYclIg2
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後157Please respect copyright.PENANAY9sQgwmbq2
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘157Please respect copyright.PENANAPWg8FluTE6
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體157Please respect copyright.PENANAZCKwgg38uj
帶返去羅馬本土喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAVTzI1n6Z5N
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶157Please respect copyright.PENANAAO72RCqx9m
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖157Please respect copyright.PENANAeIUBtPNBtS
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地157Please respect copyright.PENANAq4HcxkJlS9
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣157Please respect copyright.PENANAKFRIwk18am
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時157Please respect copyright.PENANAOjXP8UEVlY
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命157Please respect copyright.PENANAALkoymyMwh
額我略十五世唔遲唔早157Please respect copyright.PENANAPfxBvK2sfx
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋157Please respect copyright.PENANAScCog9mPtj
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAfoDkvJLP3E
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世157Please respect copyright.PENANAhHXvdgio5p
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召157Please respect copyright.PENANAjnOMzLPCY5
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦157Please respect copyright.PENANAWpq3CAGwHh
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病157Please respect copyright.PENANACd3Y3PrskU
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史157Please respect copyright.PENANAVgNVSkLn5a
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦157Please respect copyright.PENANARCTA7SUCDC
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾157Please respect copyright.PENANAhv2358o42L
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法157Please respect copyright.PENANAU8TVrYg1vG
真係唔醫好過醫157Please respect copyright.PENANAEiqRgbKBjB
不過喺呢個大航海時代157Please respect copyright.PENANAk3eb3oDlRl
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢157Please respect copyright.PENANAvI3NTTmYVw
16世紀起157Please respect copyright.PENANAGPD1Q3L4p4
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊157Please respect copyright.PENANA96qgwjHQbV
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲157Please respect copyright.PENANAWQmI4RvMdl
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛157Please respect copyright.PENANA2DPMQInNQ1
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人157Please respect copyright.PENANAbo9doM2wbF
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣157Please respect copyright.PENANAcGSqzc3JCQ
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目157Please respect copyright.PENANAh9tthmGk50
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材157Please respect copyright.PENANAHqkupviCYt
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英157Please respect copyright.PENANAeWX3Hwe1C7
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落157Please respect copyright.PENANAA2KHw7jBaI
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦157Please respect copyright.PENANArkC0BPDjfA
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情157Please respect copyright.PENANAOWR190aSeZ
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....157Please respect copyright.PENANAcREgE6vWet
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸157Please respect copyright.PENANAsHYXePCLIX
喺呢個地理大發現時代157Please respect copyright.PENANAe8TdIzm0TV
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置157Please respect copyright.PENANAPI4OJ6eKv2
呢個故事嘅主要成份157Please respect copyright.PENANAqUqgvh522c
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初157Please respect copyright.PENANARHR15tOMOS
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬157Please respect copyright.PENANAzkgXYKdvY0
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後157Please respect copyright.PENANA63lolc2cZV
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土157Please respect copyright.PENANAUVD3cs1VqG
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要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵157Please respect copyright.PENANAY0eaqnrWR9
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉157Please respect copyright.PENANAEwHWw165D3
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病157Please respect copyright.PENANAOVUsFyR3Pm
服從性有幾高可想而知157Please respect copyright.PENANAr91w9nGf8L
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫157Please respect copyright.PENANA06PII4sL5T
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話157Please respect copyright.PENANAkhxAZUW33M
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講157Please respect copyright.PENANAWrvGdT8BWG
無疑係甘上加甘157Please respect copyright.PENANA6y2RifkBfr
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢157Please respect copyright.PENANAyE7WgLPyLo
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000157Please respect copyright.PENANAUqCWmWXY0z
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度157Please respect copyright.PENANAtmEKZI1SSS
錢就使咗效果又冇157Please respect copyright.PENANASdJZf4E4mW
咁點搞?157Please respect copyright.PENANA10qk9ernL9
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”157Please respect copyright.PENANARkXeC6wETc
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案157Please respect copyright.PENANAPdSAEe5lz8
作為糖嘅發源地157Please respect copyright.PENANAzXHAtyLb36
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像157Please respect copyright.PENANACub7DPt1Zg
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右157Please respect copyright.PENANAEKVo4MWUIb
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官157Please respect copyright.PENANA8FgDXpKPVi
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:157Please respect copyright.PENANAh730F1EHyD
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧157Please respect copyright.PENANADh3bPEYrVh
溶入高濃度糖水157Please respect copyright.PENANA3bQObwtYoF
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮157Please respect copyright.PENANAla9mLj6mEi
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿157Please respect copyright.PENANA5Y2eGCBrhD
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度157Please respect copyright.PENANAmqdOrafL9Q
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇157Please respect copyright.PENANAuhdyiQZqLZ
啲軍官再進一步157Please respect copyright.PENANAn8x0c2nCLY
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒157Please respect copyright.PENANAVnnMp8vyPO
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
157Please respect copyright.PENANA9OheKKJAQM
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆157Please respect copyright.PENANAWwfdeKo5QP
法國人曾經試過用紅酒157Please respect copyright.PENANAtrF9oqt4FK
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪157Please respect copyright.PENANAO6oQ93JOeH
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水157Please respect copyright.PENANAH3izihXLWE
味道完全唔融和157Please respect copyright.PENANAeQcBBMUHcF
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味157Please respect copyright.PENANAys43tsCJoC
後來研究發現157Please respect copyright.PENANAQa6jKZYm7S
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份157Please respect copyright.PENANAeBkeJUbyaj
同奎寧結合成聚合體157Please respect copyright.PENANAeHRbMInGlW
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道157Please respect copyright.PENANAPBf79ZphQM
呢個偶然嘅發現157Please respect copyright.PENANAVC4KdYmNcu
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎157Please respect copyright.PENANAVAufp5qOQd
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵157Please respect copyright.PENANADK8QzlHtFD
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧157Please respect copyright.PENANAajdMGBrVGM
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥157Please respect copyright.PENANA9O4chrRuI6
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品157Please respect copyright.PENANApkHNYUsgd1
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度157Please respect copyright.PENANAU0aWjS99RL
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品157Please respect copyright.PENANAXxug5gHo9E
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)157Please respect copyright.PENANAqNKft6Hk9j
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水157Please respect copyright.PENANA5VnBT4vhi1
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水157Please respect copyright.PENANAHBKzMHTHl2
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命157Please respect copyright.PENANA9yupSZGEQc
例如喺1875年157Please respect copyright.PENANAW0yHF3qQ3h
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率157Please respect copyright.PENANA7ExEddsevh
已經跌到去1.5%157Please respect copyright.PENANAWVjC1AL76P
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面157Please respect copyright.PENANAKzfrWkg2av
下集會講吓157Please respect copyright.PENANAoZOCfXsXMK
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥157Please respect copyright.PENANA7ul32iMoh1
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運157Please respect copyright.PENANA7uhawtBqsa157Please respect copyright.PENANAE55ziitlHc