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通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗115Please respect copyright.PENANAwHsjSWwFQu
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其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅115Please respect copyright.PENANAZ2zmBbtL4s
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙115Please respect copyright.PENANA65bZpk4JnL
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下115Please respect copyright.PENANAJaOPSWBLOb
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙115Please respect copyright.PENANA3ZeMWbMoNk
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斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦115Please respect copyright.PENANAflq1lzs6SS
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跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報115Please respect copyright.PENANAiNHnWl4R5N
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸115Please respect copyright.PENANA4NKiRuBNFF
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網115Please respect copyright.PENANAlxisJQY2j7
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦115Please respect copyright.PENANA3cfGHjsq8e
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞115Please respect copyright.PENANAt3F7wLq5Mu
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咁既然唔係亞洲115Please respect copyright.PENANAjWUEjTugpq
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料115Please respect copyright.PENANAF4O78iluUQ
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀115Please respect copyright.PENANAjIaAbq7TAO
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦115Please respect copyright.PENANA4F6WGu34Cz
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下115Please respect copyright.PENANAf6E42qR6zw
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇115Please respect copyright.PENANAzPe6PFtzQW
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時115Please respect copyright.PENANADqHpYOgbAK
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地115Please respect copyright.PENANAoDXFXJuQ8G
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力115Please respect copyright.PENANA4Uypa9rIkl
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累115Please respect copyright.PENANAuyubS9ceel
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖115Please respect copyright.PENANAqKXi75HWpv
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗115Please respect copyright.PENANAW1AtukxENc
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多115Please respect copyright.PENANAf4WOjp9mK5
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易115Please respect copyright.PENANAbEYsSy6j1Z
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水115Please respect copyright.PENANAa0P81L0NTT
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度115Please respect copyright.PENANAq34TqiBBJ5
同環繞赤道一周差唔多115Please respect copyright.PENANADPxuR2NeAL
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲115Please respect copyright.PENANAVukcNzVeFV
萬一有咩阻滯115Please respect copyright.PENANAJwcv0mL1YL
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道115Please respect copyright.PENANA8Ce3GZiTh5
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢115Please respect copyright.PENANAA5ktlngWjO
就仆得街喇115Please respect copyright.PENANAGAlBy4RAoQ
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年115Please respect copyright.PENANA77B9Rjxfai
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得115Please respect copyright.PENANAKfvlqDfGhH
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天115Please respect copyright.PENANAc1NIaRVTy0
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非115Please respect copyright.PENANA6cccSH6M7V
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年115Please respect copyright.PENANABmYkz7OOas
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生115Please respect copyright.PENANAaybJOyQKRV
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺115Please respect copyright.PENANAytCRUcd5kd
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等115Please respect copyright.PENANAk7TtxJRIV6
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)115Please respect copyright.PENANAwvX46jwwpJ
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支115Please respect copyright.PENANA0lAlcMu9MU
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊115Please respect copyright.PENANANGASS7cz5i
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢115Please respect copyright.PENANAVr0De4prle
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講115Please respect copyright.PENANAORnTL4Hnjm
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉115Please respect copyright.PENANAmh6sFKSLa2
就算食到都消化不良啦115Please respect copyright.PENANArdlJxIxxpv
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站115Please respect copyright.PENANA2SxgZxSFij
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向115Please respect copyright.PENANAgJpFINYHhW
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞115Please respect copyright.PENANALlSZcMOjag
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多115Please respect copyright.PENANAiTtwDBpw7P
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:115Please respect copyright.PENANARw0q0IYHrU
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢115Please respect copyright.PENANA3HEN0A36xG
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫115Please respect copyright.PENANAswxFOma1qw
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近115Please respect copyright.PENANAmcYwu7nfaL
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎115Please respect copyright.PENANAAWuSpMlTV4
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力115Please respect copyright.PENANAFbJlBOntrO
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁115Please respect copyright.PENANAv77rXcMSn9
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩115Please respect copyright.PENANA7X6s7bMvL3
美洲有耕地115Please respect copyright.PENANApFCrdv2ORx
非洲有人力115Please respect copyright.PENANAEfMuSVbDfp
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心115Please respect copyright.PENANAwrKxDrZ74j
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦115Please respect copyright.PENANAkMdkMPiJmJ
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢115Please respect copyright.PENANAOmkz463r4Y
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼115Please respect copyright.PENANARwNABo8LiG
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢115Please respect copyright.PENANAUKjas0OGdz
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國115Please respect copyright.PENANAuI9SCTAsa1
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦115Please respect copyright.PENANAcbiXojkfpz
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行115Please respect copyright.PENANAMuZEOwpovm
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣115Please respect copyright.PENANA46UXWz0Zn8
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴115Please respect copyright.PENANAkZdZJwhjhX
由此激發各國投入人力物力115Please respect copyright.PENANA4BAvvQpn4s
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器115Please respect copyright.PENANAbuxD5mLc8B
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船115Please respect copyright.PENANAy1TNXMGz3j
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展115Please respect copyright.PENANAnfyVJJpwMP
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等115Please respect copyright.PENANAzY6sDzMpfx
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話115Please respect copyright.PENANAsIJu34meBu
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易115Please respect copyright.PENANAEZS4oCZg8I
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲115Please respect copyright.PENANAYACZcKhxmD為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度115Please respect copyright.PENANAkYgQRBmrjS
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:115Please respect copyright.PENANAFtk8JS9NsM
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?115Please respect copyright.PENANAbm2GIuugmD
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒115Please respect copyright.PENANAFhuyQegKqY
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀115Please respect copyright.PENANACVG8AabWtP
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢115Please respect copyright.PENANA1hUhzo7xDG
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成115Please respect copyright.PENANAqDIG5sMfbk
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉115Please respect copyright.PENANACH2PSWJMaz
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現115Please respect copyright.PENANA6UfkcIqwH5
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲115Please respect copyright.PENANALpou2Cg1e4
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉115Please respect copyright.PENANAB99biHneIk
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團115Please respect copyright.PENANAueaKkPANE8
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議115Please respect copyright.PENANAeB3fqZu03f
準備選出新教宗喇115Please respect copyright.PENANALw4iPPsHZu
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖115Please respect copyright.PENANAtHOCvNXoei
自16世紀起115Please respect copyright.PENANA2jxTUcx4OG
呢個小圈子選舉115Please respect copyright.PENANAmFTuDsNJb3
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控115Please respect copyright.PENANAEAkI2Rbf5n
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益115Please respect copyright.PENANAwHDj9t61Hc
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營115Please respect copyright.PENANA4FxwjPPWol
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤115Please respect copyright.PENANAnmZudAER3u
有時仲會大打出手115Please respect copyright.PENANAxjJp8Amyha
好似1605年3月嗰次115Please respect copyright.PENANAyyBS6edUVn
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨115Please respect copyright.PENANANbDS8sFVHx
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈115Please respect copyright.PENANAhMFBHVZSPB
不過呢個唔係今集重點115Please respect copyright.PENANAM8Pg8ZmQNR
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇115Please respect copyright.PENANASUyzuDrYoU
我直接講個結果:115Please respect copyright.PENANADh1mY8NgsK
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗115Please respect copyright.PENANASjl2E2P3la
法號伍朋八世115Please respect copyright.PENANA2GYpO7JURE
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員115Please respect copyright.PENANANrutGtuKTw
…115Please respect copyright.PENANAbDAszXa0Fz
..115Please respect copyright.PENANAP1B5hxu4PC
.115Please respect copyright.PENANABLqdJGgvVp
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???115Please respect copyright.PENANAE6DbscNftu
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦115Please respect copyright.PENANAI6YzkiP3Fm
佢地其實係病死嘅115Please respect copyright.PENANAZ7wMIrf2uP
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"115Please respect copyright.PENANAAatGRnWPvq
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇115Please respect copyright.PENANA9FCo20w4rr
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播115Please respect copyright.PENANAvbwpkRSnBk
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時115Please respect copyright.PENANAA8tmq6yxo3
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味115Please respect copyright.PENANAj3bEFMRE1x
係會令人發燒同病死115Please respect copyright.PENANA1MCikhjG32
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾115Please respect copyright.PENANA4H8J0jMudT
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後115Please respect copyright.PENANAfUBrzOaCON
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘115Please respect copyright.PENANAfTvdX7jO1L
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體115Please respect copyright.PENANAkn4bYIb8mc
帶返去羅馬本土喇115Please respect copyright.PENANAH1u8g1tRsr
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶115Please respect copyright.PENANAMFKOSitGGM
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖115Please respect copyright.PENANAAsfciy6b0n
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地115Please respect copyright.PENANAO9U3xzv3Zz
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣115Please respect copyright.PENANAeChhmWBWEn
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時115Please respect copyright.PENANA2tqvnoCW7S
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命115Please respect copyright.PENANA1B2T32Ah71
額我略十五世唔遲唔早115Please respect copyright.PENANA3zNgf7RuBP
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋115Please respect copyright.PENANAPOSPsktNNR
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇115Please respect copyright.PENANApPMu8fJd4M
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世115Please respect copyright.PENANAKstkMRQSgV
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召115Please respect copyright.PENANAuHETSBn9jO
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦115Please respect copyright.PENANAxaQV0c3n7x
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病115Please respect copyright.PENANAevHuPijSvj
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史115Please respect copyright.PENANAKcR7y4bhqz
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦115Please respect copyright.PENANAq0VDdAhvGa
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾115Please respect copyright.PENANAYojkRzFYOS
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法115Please respect copyright.PENANAiHNOK4W2iw
真係唔醫好過醫115Please respect copyright.PENANAisKKHyoxDU
不過喺呢個大航海時代115Please respect copyright.PENANAJBl89HQUfz
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢115Please respect copyright.PENANAPd6rwe6gJ4
16世紀起115Please respect copyright.PENANA0jcFafe8qN
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊115Please respect copyright.PENANAMGMxkyhcEj
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲115Please respect copyright.PENANAbqxytKDfke
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛115Please respect copyright.PENANAhmAhwPOlMl
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人115Please respect copyright.PENANAc87efTtffj
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣115Please respect copyright.PENANAEq3i4YH6Qx
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目115Please respect copyright.PENANAl5KKwOLP0u
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材115Please respect copyright.PENANAaw7iAb2YmL
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英115Please respect copyright.PENANA6nYkOgckeI
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落115Please respect copyright.PENANAbJbdV8Hr1c
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦115Please respect copyright.PENANAtQkTfIMtJW
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情115Please respect copyright.PENANACYKl2QYQQb
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....115Please respect copyright.PENANA00VuGd1TZh
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸115Please respect copyright.PENANA4wfPlUcLkZ
喺呢個地理大發現時代115Please respect copyright.PENANAbUXBEuHpKv
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置115Please respect copyright.PENANAfgvN8xOImh
呢個故事嘅主要成份115Please respect copyright.PENANAlt1HIF9kQr
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初115Please respect copyright.PENANAfUYH3Rku4F
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬115Please respect copyright.PENANAY3vyT8gU95
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後115Please respect copyright.PENANAiZG90rk1O2
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土115Please respect copyright.PENANAlOsayDP6cE
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要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵115Please respect copyright.PENANAyrgUC2yqqX
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉115Please respect copyright.PENANA051CJLz0FA
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病115Please respect copyright.PENANAlyX7wOKZLP
服從性有幾高可想而知115Please respect copyright.PENANA6pUXh4QKMz
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫115Please respect copyright.PENANAP5VmWk3dAy
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話115Please respect copyright.PENANAKOeCz5irrT
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講115Please respect copyright.PENANAWI73x0QwKD
無疑係甘上加甘115Please respect copyright.PENANAMol2J1mts6
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢115Please respect copyright.PENANAUzIgE0eZs7
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000115Please respect copyright.PENANA98ex7AZ7iV
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度115Please respect copyright.PENANAqt3DKcHXxz
錢就使咗效果又冇115Please respect copyright.PENANAwjrLZfWSHt
咁點搞?115Please respect copyright.PENANAYoXuodoMFC
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”115Please respect copyright.PENANAslgpU3pNc1
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案115Please respect copyright.PENANAn9vmiOxOdx
作為糖嘅發源地115Please respect copyright.PENANAu5kbHYJyuR
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像115Please respect copyright.PENANAOmtjmYNY5F
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右115Please respect copyright.PENANAtcQbLSRRyV
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官115Please respect copyright.PENANAnzMCh8Bbty
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:115Please respect copyright.PENANAWzKUOnXVUq
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧115Please respect copyright.PENANAx06RAgOVIF
溶入高濃度糖水115Please respect copyright.PENANAftcg5b2mF3
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮115Please respect copyright.PENANAqw6PxOtce9
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿115Please respect copyright.PENANAdx2vcIH7t1
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度115Please respect copyright.PENANATdWCYxelKP
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇115Please respect copyright.PENANAecHusiR4pt
啲軍官再進一步115Please respect copyright.PENANAsCHijojQFy
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒115Please respect copyright.PENANAm02mUDWkNr
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
115Please respect copyright.PENANACjFLYHhy9O
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆115Please respect copyright.PENANAG3nU2N86Lx
法國人曾經試過用紅酒115Please respect copyright.PENANAmuikK8rvw8
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪115Please respect copyright.PENANAccYNYPRE6b
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水115Please respect copyright.PENANACwOjLkx4xt
味道完全唔融和115Please respect copyright.PENANA3fCyx9yR32
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味115Please respect copyright.PENANAtqNH2qCtw1
後來研究發現115Please respect copyright.PENANAReAM4U5Oc7
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份115Please respect copyright.PENANANCx1ygEFjF
同奎寧結合成聚合體115Please respect copyright.PENANApXeKK5IyKp
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道115Please respect copyright.PENANAMKsvubPEg6
呢個偶然嘅發現115Please respect copyright.PENANAZ0dFSYeLEG
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎115Please respect copyright.PENANAYbklGAzho5
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵115Please respect copyright.PENANAF0mtbm0F1M
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧115Please respect copyright.PENANAyk0VqUrLRW
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥115Please respect copyright.PENANAHmKjtu8ngD
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品115Please respect copyright.PENANAMSRuAwqKU9
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度115Please respect copyright.PENANACwbZxocDfM
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品115Please respect copyright.PENANAzfos8SQMd7
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)115Please respect copyright.PENANA5n8YwXm79m
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水115Please respect copyright.PENANA5HNAMb36Yl
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水115Please respect copyright.PENANAgQ1rfav1uy
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命115Please respect copyright.PENANA1MDmYT6YMo
例如喺1875年115Please respect copyright.PENANA4DxWKZoael
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率115Please respect copyright.PENANAaJSj9ddqCv
已經跌到去1.5%115Please respect copyright.PENANAaLgGiklRsc
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面115Please respect copyright.PENANAwpdlPviEwD
下集會講吓115Please respect copyright.PENANAUGVDgc4lcc
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥115Please respect copyright.PENANAiUWhgcwQo6
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運115Please respect copyright.PENANAt1zlfFvune115Please respect copyright.PENANAgJPm7bSbxC