x
非洲到而家153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu63AxNq8HC
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLBl8tOuN3f
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnJkPFFi1Y5
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHng5D8o1bO
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrB4GVAafjO
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD5VlJmpUUa
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKkulQm71iX
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjkHo5hF4YU
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmrfQXDPlnP
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx1DlksB267
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZWU8rmkW2K
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQR0SIMp5nS
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg5GkDgtn1v
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJzprT8hQQv
1493年3月15日星期五中午 153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFsIN3C13S1
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7ePmtUXuXk
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjLyZiHb3Mq
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpj09i9bHoi
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBnE25G5ZE3
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfl27kQtD0Q
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfTe39UojFu
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA721IpV6k8
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDG4ed2O7MQ
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFKhL6pZLC1
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5co5E8pY3s
咁既然唔係亞洲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6vujjxdbnI
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVofz84tAUB
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU1qp8WIS3h
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4FPtn9RbRE
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ02tmHjPi6j
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbYEzHraVit
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcsiduqHhga
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7BOiBXyXup
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIDwybNmA34
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD37v8ZI70Z
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq24R9UPu2c
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKrovCPPwGO
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRHPEUWRk1y
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFHM9aFQpsQ
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfTq7wtIIB1
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcYPewIiiQj
同環繞赤道一周差唔多153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡquxAPe6otn
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVts9H8a8xz
萬一有咩阻滯153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6I0YgLaYad
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3lD7r0dFBn
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUuecsGFLEA
就仆得街喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2hZB7hht4W
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJRjVNnMsId
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8COJLWk1Ap
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFzQjRp6qSE
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOlGNIXWYQH
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJpovpxRNqh
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvOXc5mUmGK
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM48KwdOzti
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFS8mTeEsC2
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdYB0xa29Y7
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ87igdT8WDh
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJxz5Zf9nxl
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFlPBnOHGYA
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0GjoSDFdYa
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL2g2gWmt5K
就算食到都消化不良啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡte7vt6jwhd
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站
153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCoo22KUPuO
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3B5wIa4n4G
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHtjl6gqW29
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcyZLRsIhRA
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1NnVBYk5Q6
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGSCShsT0p6
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGJL6HkTsX9
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtP9mJcLiXi
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbBownMwrGA
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDOVwXkg2YO
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKOkU8ObY8W
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡutNaLErPYx
美洲有耕地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡinKYZ95xnF
非洲有人力153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvQUTBX9Ulh
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYUeyknZPkR
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxzy5Kbq5tx
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyRuwrIpGrG
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtbsNE0O2L3
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMF1v3ESgF6
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmzd0a0yYBn
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDYba1elahK
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOyjE0Fy2Ei
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXmqbWNtNfv
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtfBkSZKccI
由此激發各國投入人力物力153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG7KZiY6uNY
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlIXKsLEgE0
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtk0EImv3bS
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAwUFw7c1sy
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzuqgWlDC3X
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyQI1fFZwc0
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMW8lr0ud2I
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5faLeFmLyd為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxD1RwOJpUW
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNaJm8bt307
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5mThgHdaG8
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6ckSvMuGlc
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRoFU1kr0oY
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeTn8mb1OgH
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYHeG6HKtUj
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPVgKeUz3DK
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1927EAy5fJ
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1Cl57UBSC1
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLMToiMDPvc
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9D81yDL6bE
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡELPuPWhQM8
準備選出新教宗喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCqzF0YTGtw
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuulA1MQZ5Z
自16世紀起153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEJzXthq1bO
呢個小圈子選舉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNt5TKi75TE
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJAfGvZFOpI
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN7qsn6xR6n
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7N8Wc6cGpv
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm1Zxo5tOnP
有時仲會大打出手153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrGcmbMeRSm
好似1605年3月嗰次153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfPSqGuT9zH
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡestGmEfrij
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6aTdlljVGt
不過呢個唔係今集重點153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCOTI9fWlZx
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfnGaCyKa25
我直接講個結果：153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQbVIRCb02P
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNDqmQf0PFr
法號伍朋八世153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJT944NIBBD
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhQzLzg5Duc
…153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQpX4S0YhEi
..153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjAqxNctgxD
.153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0eS7wRFm4d
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxikOt1o4dm
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTKlk2aX7sa
佢地其實係病死嘅153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnIq2NJRf12
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFIcHp3HyBD
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2F3xpl2FaV
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDC4Uon7Fxb
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7gCgKC9LXZ
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ7kc5GufAD
係會令人發燒同病死153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsHDGhKa1Cx
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7Qnfxw9Uju
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEllHqAvitT
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwP8Nt3j4Xu
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9tCb1EtiyO
帶返去羅馬本土喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWsLnc3D6uk
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡckrHp4MRD9
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdaTd8djvc1
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH52yzdKa4E
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEgzWJDZlHH
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWUTcJPLJ8G
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMbVfHwmYaQ
額我略十五世唔遲唔早153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlYOyeKpBtQ
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡblySlAqA5Q
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWbEWetfuNV
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1sbELwZG79
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrPch29f5Fz
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsJQLfsVI9d
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCHgzGSHYTh
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7aUq1kJAac
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn1YNA1GEuC
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQhOq8Ex9Nj
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzhssrrM4YL
真係唔醫好過醫153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz7Qr1x3fXS
不過喺呢個大航海時代153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNXSDTq1Mut
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE90Ct7QQKm
16世紀起153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZJkTvjUvY4
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgrOvSOx9Tk
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoBu0Yb6bYU
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0kzJByUL43
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxKvw8L1s3c
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWEUcv7XiZU
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkbYU0y3wmv
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjH4C3jv8FE
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1KggZizcRY
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx8J5qwH7Ar
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡj26jUXjoJV
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0sksd1nQ4x
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEGtygU41oN
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZt8jwAOJcz
喺呢個地理大發現時代153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6TPeHwR8ZB
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyDgAo2dGnT
呢個故事嘅主要成份153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwkaznlUlOR
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwsywlynxgF
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVr8PybARCq
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfI7QdGdmbC
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlvZ5egyYuB
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgvlsgQ1uvH
咁有農地自然就要灌溉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhsCOXJMIsE
而灌溉自然就會有積水153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9OuVfbzuRU
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuiFe063kPS
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQaZEobqgmZ
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyXWUH7r6Uy
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCGYMy2TPUm
自16世紀中期起153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFngzJh8SO6
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXZmyL8iwMl
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsFLmqKJC5Q
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡedSpZAS9h3
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfKa7s46Jjw
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnuzC86oelo
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW7h78zjGMS
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ17kGAFDu3B
如無意外153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ40w5y5Uilv
呢啲新興嘅殖民地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTOZVZhKtCG
將會同羅馬一樣153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZveBqEwDWH
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYmb1h8q0A0
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpsYpNpIVd8
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt3YMI8yR88
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ82RI8PPZK0
不過喺利馬153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq5HMydWI0k
情況就有啲唔同153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmM935veAZD
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7KCYG3sBDu
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK2fGlcq8fA
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAo8O3oBQZ6
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdeWkArpbiN
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa4dladFbTT
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdSaD8xfWCf
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCORNYgU437
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK7IvisDJhM
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAbxRzp45g4
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4HOfXB9wNl
不過喺嗰個年代153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3hFs1ejMna
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBdooCfdfjL
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwvMIInksMA
其實當時耶穌會啲教士153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8VugiG2MAX
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAOsFvRvlPN
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7f54Exyvg8
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaQgKhuKMWM
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ79WQZ6vHoD
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKrOvnaQGEk
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwbA4WsPW9R
因為會引起間歇性高燒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7rfJop23Cv
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm32Axzi4vb
點知咁啱得咁橋153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡArG0sZwiR5
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtnYM3aLZLc
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCCmAU5j9Ib
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5iMEZaEAsW
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVFUN6NeSqV
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa2rpnX4jzu
最後喺1632年153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCciO9KLeAn
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0UT1FvZakI
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ20VHiIQvU4
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjUIzWvJhlG
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbx3wQkJcvW
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAa7VtJw8fQ
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡobxyZiLqSx
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv5LjPEw29T
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDlf7QF9m8C
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjXl46HxY6m
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY40oIA3O5u
遇到咩奇難雜症都好153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7dLUaTNa78
只要將自己嘅問題153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvEypAAVnM1
變埋做其他人嘅問題153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqzwCM9kEA0
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzDj8dzxLvq
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKAp2Zygvl7
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWBNTOXfDW4
佢發夢都唔會諗到153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF293v9DVGV
佢嗰個大轉移153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo0N4wdDBT3
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRGqeWReKwO
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn4jFWYVkt1
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsZTtWTG3Si
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcyaK9VJ03G
視乎你從咩角度睇啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf82xk0v1Uc
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx4eCSDHhpI
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0l4Zg7ro5I
現實就係喺嗰時153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd3HNmbQuBV
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEqg5WwRfRP
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTpJZhjfSFO
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPRXV12SrW2
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWnTlZGLvwi
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN47QLAF133
都只係數字嚟啫153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKPmsakkKSe
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVPj0rst8c0
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡddBL4JteMu
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJWDbtICXtg
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCyOqD8uRKq
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTslUZT2kiB
1）苦到仆街153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkoALdKo3jK
2）有毒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpW9FZfAlUU
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ughzY1ObH
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUqx96G0Pgl
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgAUodLQlaz
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjlnyndlWeT
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoNYWvE3bsh
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoCphdvKW3L
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtDDcL9VYpG
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6M74GM2JGD
以奎寧為例153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC3jZiuyEX5
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡywb41FcGt9
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeV3UJpCkF5
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv0uzVqQn4X
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn5dZp4ahWp
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0TDIEZ4qU6
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ14No2bRcTK
有時會唔夠藥效153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡujmrfL2O5W
有時又過量中毒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV1zscV7xyy
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡruBDSgahkj
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkatJeky1N5
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxN5j7OtJ5H
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaat8pUdtXE
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzeWkfY1wRR
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgdBGXrHSr7
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡReeLyfbnPO
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1KCL7NUV37
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh8q7SPjBKQ
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqhxamIisgt
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqSreMALkfJ
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxcBrwPs99j
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSNkHlQPmpz
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡglHQhnBF2m
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ9nsVlMHW7
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOi5kiL3EB8
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCyGpzay31Y
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL8NgWJCMHy
喺名人效應下153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfx3FZHzUtw
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8pdMJ9ZIfe
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8TZ9q7jbgm
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU2OmsVRaaq
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder” 
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEr23yuDIwP
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSilVk1Th04
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡemKXazD0E4
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaLPX6NAhum
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3hZE06lZL8
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrd2E4s4Bft
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAq4Ma6BYar
要大規模應用喺平民度153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHiLNkUxRmb
係諗都唔使諗153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYqKZXGZX5d
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4YcNFzOTKg
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡywSfwGodqi
正以前所未有嘅速度增長153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkLCwRyu2QY
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ37X0oc6K5H
而研究出嚟嘅成果153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMIR0TE811O
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ80UYuO7RW6
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ511TfbIQaR
人類了解世界嘅方式153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAc6khnPtoD
再唔係好似以前咁153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYoWNT99Wo9
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiE8IpyZ6lB
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYthlcmRfNN
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc11qdmdgAL
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1mYdY2pHfU
自此無論係英王嘅御醫153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUgRRMXQCV7
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcpzJsvKQzJ
只要有本藥典同個磅153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdZ7a6U32V0
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0esuD3kp4J
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWMOeatQt4G
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBERarbiXF2
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg4pZU1Q6Mq
都深受瘧疾所困擾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfu8MGiMtxk
例如喺1836年153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRbZVrR7q4H
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLreivRXXkw
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡismFxmufSQ
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOIeusYuD0e
死亡率更高達6成半153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmUDhzzhspx
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHCch73Rc1P
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4WbwT0kQqz
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ8kcFEkKIM
死亡率之高153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDbTF2bFsTT
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4S97ulbLzx
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2t4yDsEuOu
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuLwtxtY2NE
到1860年左右153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk2qjhTsTWf
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2TA6RIyllW偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqF2XsBQKCT
奎寧供應大增153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEOlLhCCaEu
喺滿足咗本土需求後153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhcjZD0bpDd
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwH8sYy2Vau
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3irQv46Sd6
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwBpV0BfMp0
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiwvJE5fiGX
原因就係奎寧實在太苦153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4i4pXW3tsF
可能你地會諗：冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwhZtJbPgcr
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhy4wntSYCj
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7o8dkHC2Ms
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY0rD4SpyzW
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg14QzHkCTT
就唔同咁講喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTWi4h9H0hU
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkombjinTvZ
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgLXJ31mlPa
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtvPTKO7f4W
服從性有幾高可想而知153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOBr5s6tiHO
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDdkjSTSD8D
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnCDflivxcu
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsnSbJOJbyK
無疑係甘上加甘153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbvCpVQZ2sU
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWDi1TgWik3
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQbhEghmwwI
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOL4Fsuipdd
錢就使咗效果又冇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1i4j0A3Tje
咁點搞?153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMtlsATj9ey
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9ExcuXXY4r
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNnJ40u2pSn
作為糖嘅發源地153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnwuiIKM5wz
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡapQaPreUDZ
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcHb2WFjLs4
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsC0TnHooLM
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe3LNqDe03v
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCTRWvkXjLT
溶入高濃度糖水153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT4pHMzk985
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5knfp4LYaD
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl3EO9y8Rzb
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1KVpmFX9uv
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMrBaMRNyu1
啲軍官再進一步153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2m4oywH7RG
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwP4pL7WshY
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
![[offtopic]](https://cdn.lihkg.com/assets/faces/normal/offtopic.gif)
153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtFKUMSBjrt
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpYI3mVso3t
法國人曾經試過用紅酒153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc1QR2BxHgf
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK9b7IGYSxp
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl9yZOXNlCV
味道完全唔融和153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1bExVVfUim
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ49H7B3cbF8
後來研究發現153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm39isOfefs
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUuUaHwzG4P
同奎寧結合成聚合體153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLwEPj147SC
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYyvj1E8bJz
呢個偶然嘅發現153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9poMclLlaa
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoLljjUIMRA
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBlmS2DvvVW
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNrLABssuND
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG90oK0gGTf
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPsZcVeXJGX
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYsmKh4qjrT
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXfmyDWkUgN
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpj4oywumWH
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbZlJWXaJTr
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0oJDPZUuQy
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ9KH2x9NsY
例如喺1875年153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNDCGOAx0P1
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTNJI7Sgjic
已經跌到去1.5%153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9Qrbmw3Xdo
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJkAwyBozdW
下集會講吓153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbU3S8AKJge
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYGN1zOZbWj
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzFuHNWNlS6
153Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvWuqHEeb9b
