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呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網110Please respect copyright.PENANAgvGkmgCFCt
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞110Please respect copyright.PENANAAKjguBjyQ9
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好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀110Please respect copyright.PENANAoSddp1UTKd
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不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時110Please respect copyright.PENANApNkWjRn9HX
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日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力110Please respect copyright.PENANAF7qYjpZST9
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西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗110Please respect copyright.PENANAMCKNCwWuLt
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多110Please respect copyright.PENANAGnJ9T0kD9v
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易110Please respect copyright.PENANAKhmSnKroMD
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水110Please respect copyright.PENANArCsyyK2BOP
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢110Please respect copyright.PENANA5qS8xm8eYd
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前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年110Please respect copyright.PENANAEDqx8NJh4v
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支110Please respect copyright.PENANAzbfaWo7mby
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊110Please respect copyright.PENANAtd05Z3RHCa
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢110Please respect copyright.PENANAWq97MKp8Xk
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講110Please respect copyright.PENANATb408uKBr6
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉110Please respect copyright.PENANAQPnW8mkAbZ
就算食到都消化不良啦110Please respect copyright.PENANACTshuviHli
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站110Please respect copyright.PENANASXOcNzeO2b
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向110Please respect copyright.PENANAlmLXsijetm
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞110Please respect copyright.PENANAvfUTBUCEWm
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多110Please respect copyright.PENANAowfzYhEOhK
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:110Please respect copyright.PENANAM5vrBzfng6
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢110Please respect copyright.PENANAYkIKPuB7yn
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫110Please respect copyright.PENANAaRqHbPJqzl
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話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎110Please respect copyright.PENANANMi0Va7MCi
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力110Please respect copyright.PENANAJntaeYV0qw
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁110Please respect copyright.PENANAsyPMQ2QX7P
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩110Please respect copyright.PENANAjIvpe7PdKi
美洲有耕地110Please respect copyright.PENANAm7VIWZOCvT
非洲有人力110Please respect copyright.PENANAVa9H2YLLPS
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心110Please respect copyright.PENANAkN1erhrPQN
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦110Please respect copyright.PENANAnQc3SDLucg
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢110Please respect copyright.PENANA7jX1zg5PnN
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼110Please respect copyright.PENANAEqt7yB4LQa
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢110Please respect copyright.PENANAnfuxAW3H3W
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國110Please respect copyright.PENANAnXjnq14Sc3
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦110Please respect copyright.PENANA32tq31iYnj
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行110Please respect copyright.PENANA8GbaiKVhb9
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣110Please respect copyright.PENANAQRso8zc2bn
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴110Please respect copyright.PENANAToIRF67iKV
由此激發各國投入人力物力110Please respect copyright.PENANAGxHO1d2PpA
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器110Please respect copyright.PENANAkKnY1KRnZS
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船110Please respect copyright.PENANAsRy6Y5ssNB
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天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等110Please respect copyright.PENANAqbBUGN2Fgf
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咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易110Please respect copyright.PENANADVTr19xe1P
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲110Please respect copyright.PENANA8KLy33LoJ0為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度110Please respect copyright.PENANA0kZRzFFqXa
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:110Please respect copyright.PENANA4RKPAJPRfB
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?110Please respect copyright.PENANAigsjJMggdK
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒110Please respect copyright.PENANA5X6GDz5tcG
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀110Please respect copyright.PENANAMdCkoWIbpt
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢110Please respect copyright.PENANA3mTon2mrQt
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成110Please respect copyright.PENANAZgOjKVkRpk
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉110Please respect copyright.PENANAicHkrsIDc1
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現110Please respect copyright.PENANAzIxgjBPhnX
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
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哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉110Please respect copyright.PENANAlheQmnfOPR
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團110Please respect copyright.PENANAAd2Q1awMHq
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議110Please respect copyright.PENANA8O2VzSULCB
準備選出新教宗喇110Please respect copyright.PENANAKY34Fefmk3
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖110Please respect copyright.PENANAwSM3U9lXIb
自16世紀起110Please respect copyright.PENANA6jgEPxxB9h
呢個小圈子選舉110Please respect copyright.PENANAZkuPZyrT7X
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控110Please respect copyright.PENANAzz95478H3J
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益110Please respect copyright.PENANADkAiDsyCYY
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營110Please respect copyright.PENANAoL3JnC5QA6
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤110Please respect copyright.PENANAFo4xD8hHrF
有時仲會大打出手110Please respect copyright.PENANAINgNHQHvPN
好似1605年3月嗰次110Please respect copyright.PENANA8VPGhS7Sji
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨110Please respect copyright.PENANATlQ7VfCL7Z
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈110Please respect copyright.PENANAQFnlVipUOF
不過呢個唔係今集重點110Please respect copyright.PENANAUb7tYko1Wh
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇110Please respect copyright.PENANATOfLIcx1NI
我直接講個結果:110Please respect copyright.PENANAiXAOQgoV5g
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗110Please respect copyright.PENANA57sbUrD71n
法號伍朋八世110Please respect copyright.PENANA55WerzgbzD
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員110Please respect copyright.PENANATb63M31RFk
…110Please respect copyright.PENANAUJpVRfld7N
..110Please respect copyright.PENANAA6FFn0geNE
.110Please respect copyright.PENANAH6Sjy4vFy9
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???110Please respect copyright.PENANAkmh42SeXBs
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦110Please respect copyright.PENANAstkqiOz7hf
佢地其實係病死嘅110Please respect copyright.PENANAfALXFqWyFZ
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"110Please respect copyright.PENANA79ZOx369Lr
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇110Please respect copyright.PENANAXOim62zCbR
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播110Please respect copyright.PENANA3wuKh7CB4x
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時110Please respect copyright.PENANAWavA2x42bY
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味110Please respect copyright.PENANAm2fJgk5Nfh
係會令人發燒同病死110Please respect copyright.PENANAvZrBqCTMcE
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾110Please respect copyright.PENANATaZecDS6b2
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後110Please respect copyright.PENANAyEokCeoQq8
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘110Please respect copyright.PENANAd9qmcPXfDk
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體110Please respect copyright.PENANAFZ8DMKrfLd
帶返去羅馬本土喇110Please respect copyright.PENANAwTGT3BLowZ
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶110Please respect copyright.PENANAvOYTT6zSeT
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖110Please respect copyright.PENANAtZ8GUzv5cm
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地110Please respect copyright.PENANA2zzCNPqHhU
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣110Please respect copyright.PENANAYr4rv4mm2y
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時110Please respect copyright.PENANA8OKJb9QSMr
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命110Please respect copyright.PENANArnzQLGTHZG
額我略十五世唔遲唔早110Please respect copyright.PENANABcJTVdVnIM
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋110Please respect copyright.PENANAZLNTrAV2Qm
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇110Please respect copyright.PENANALqgufLmNkE
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世110Please respect copyright.PENANASZ26JnSI7K
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召110Please respect copyright.PENANA8XtOECKdBB
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦110Please respect copyright.PENANAh5jBBQqWZp
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病110Please respect copyright.PENANA3FSZEIcTyJ
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史110Please respect copyright.PENANAEE2u6bYhtL
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦110Please respect copyright.PENANAGmXv41bRAL
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾110Please respect copyright.PENANA9hZee3CQBD
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法110Please respect copyright.PENANAypavxRtwGS
真係唔醫好過醫110Please respect copyright.PENANAkNLEXc9Cdv
不過喺呢個大航海時代110Please respect copyright.PENANAflRNS0BmRK
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢110Please respect copyright.PENANAdUKn5GnKGi
16世紀起110Please respect copyright.PENANApnSGoeOPYA
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊110Please respect copyright.PENANAusv6eSXRG4
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲110Please respect copyright.PENANA2pVEUGxxYb
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛110Please respect copyright.PENANA1NlIiDjncF
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人110Please respect copyright.PENANAT0ivz4zXT9
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣110Please respect copyright.PENANA4KAU5xIyay
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目110Please respect copyright.PENANA0GOgWmIwVD
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材110Please respect copyright.PENANAdtljNrlTET
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英110Please respect copyright.PENANA259Q05t2rt
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落110Please respect copyright.PENANA8uMC8N0Bc1
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦110Please respect copyright.PENANAgxonqCz4Oo
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情110Please respect copyright.PENANAXSkyfbBdB0
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....110Please respect copyright.PENANAD8vs0GJ1ac
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸110Please respect copyright.PENANAsj1f9vcsEy
喺呢個地理大發現時代110Please respect copyright.PENANAgDHbLVfjjj
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置110Please respect copyright.PENANAqi55Lw8S2M
呢個故事嘅主要成份110Please respect copyright.PENANA0iGcNeRmuw
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初110Please respect copyright.PENANAzgTsRDDpMs
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬110Please respect copyright.PENANA4lZZ7gN2vM
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後110Please respect copyright.PENANAbAYZm8GoeU
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土110Please respect copyright.PENANAiVoqHbutxS
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就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
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每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉110Please respect copyright.PENANADQ87hvSnnN
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病110Please respect copyright.PENANAlKXqKi7Mo5
服從性有幾高可想而知110Please respect copyright.PENANA7nJLo3PkPO
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫110Please respect copyright.PENANArDaxQzxXra
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話110Please respect copyright.PENANAUJV6Ssvy9n
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講110Please respect copyright.PENANAck59os3CTW
無疑係甘上加甘110Please respect copyright.PENANA6JPGW7T7uR
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢110Please respect copyright.PENANABkI1IfYKpv
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000110Please respect copyright.PENANA7j7FI7J07V
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度110Please respect copyright.PENANA8qr33XuKzk
錢就使咗效果又冇110Please respect copyright.PENANAybyckoDlM3
咁點搞?110Please respect copyright.PENANAJTZB8wk1Nv
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”110Please respect copyright.PENANAwIX9wuibKi
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案110Please respect copyright.PENANAaZpDofjGYW
作為糖嘅發源地110Please respect copyright.PENANAVjNJmMU8mV
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像110Please respect copyright.PENANAil6gzKVIw6
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右110Please respect copyright.PENANAcPLs3roCjh
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官110Please respect copyright.PENANApugXNRwOkl
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:110Please respect copyright.PENANA1svIQj1PAR
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧110Please respect copyright.PENANAt0NqdVPeOt
溶入高濃度糖水110Please respect copyright.PENANADedyCXT2Ty
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮110Please respect copyright.PENANAVN6kUKXIKT
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿110Please respect copyright.PENANAkk3NZtohUD
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度110Please respect copyright.PENANANsuvgenAjJ
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇110Please respect copyright.PENANAMiBItSVGfu
啲軍官再進一步110Please respect copyright.PENANALIm7UNLnZq
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒110Please respect copyright.PENANAmuZcygz9g0
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
110Please respect copyright.PENANAmJvQojRgnH
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆110Please respect copyright.PENANAsbbahum0p9
法國人曾經試過用紅酒110Please respect copyright.PENANA7VBmNYh4j7
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪110Please respect copyright.PENANAKAFUroHQUy
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水110Please respect copyright.PENANASfokuY1uGf
味道完全唔融和110Please respect copyright.PENANAHJsI323YnU
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味110Please respect copyright.PENANAtKzJycyiAZ
後來研究發現110Please respect copyright.PENANAq75M9iLq6c
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份110Please respect copyright.PENANAXlHb6MeBbx
同奎寧結合成聚合體110Please respect copyright.PENANAsd7GFVvouI
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道110Please respect copyright.PENANA43adk14sfT
呢個偶然嘅發現110Please respect copyright.PENANAXspawXGLNr
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎110Please respect copyright.PENANAy8OCrMumUn
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵110Please respect copyright.PENANAQN5YimNA9e
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧110Please respect copyright.PENANAlVTfVGMRzG
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥110Please respect copyright.PENANA7XBJfzfma6
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品110Please respect copyright.PENANARFv35LPdu2
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度110Please respect copyright.PENANAoD3pVrBSXj
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品110Please respect copyright.PENANA4KVrlmnkTS
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)110Please respect copyright.PENANAWNGwnBKkZj
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水110Please respect copyright.PENANAQ8f9VDX71L
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水110Please respect copyright.PENANAmgN7BHoWfu
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命110Please respect copyright.PENANANmAKBqqSxl
例如喺1875年110Please respect copyright.PENANAyOadHPRpnZ
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率110Please respect copyright.PENANACDuvEVOtBd
已經跌到去1.5%110Please respect copyright.PENANAtRkbIUpDUy
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面110Please respect copyright.PENANA3xWiGgP5e1
下集會講吓110Please respect copyright.PENANAzXaJja3ZUx
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥110Please respect copyright.PENANAm20LVvG7DN
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運110Please respect copyright.PENANAA64XdNewB4110Please respect copyright.PENANAqDi8oNDRSP