x
非洲到而家108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUWLFuD6kxF
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp4Y8xhyANm
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWiWhOgCHGg
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡurdJbTF75l
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeDereC75Ei
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ69i6yq4kgX
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0OFpBa3Jyb
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡATOrdutLU9
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKVUuMaGJDi
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpLRhAaT4eA
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9cqm3OZfWK
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKFsSttRIG0
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe7ghSvaAhr
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB3h6UMHON3
1493年3月15日星期五中午 108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg59ZLsekki
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1yzexJKB57
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBVYZdWwGvL
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEfCerpQSNd
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5ge9db455b
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvh9Y7c7Dkr
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCew4yddlVV
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGwOLo1rmrA
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbj7YnTnwCX
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMKI0hoNgUg
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfYcI1rOa8B
咁既然唔係亞洲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ4Y67flrgE
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf1gB2aExwd
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUXfUhP5WNt
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0V5UkO6SOq
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTvffUQLJfq
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡakFEyI7Ypd
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjBRILe92Er
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz4uJaBm9RL
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp8qqIJvgOS
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtrE0rKGXTY
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5NhSUabPeV
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgIobVor1Bf
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlzLjmhbSUU
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQIvxIZyJse
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ45Sit2irlP
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIuAzkWDXlE
同環繞赤道一周差唔多108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9SEOtN6LNf
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbKV8oXMnUg
萬一有咩阻滯108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxutTYEA5ok
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKEMSBz6FjH
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0v7KDM701Z
就仆得街喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGWI2LCkX94
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf5fLOywGIk
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1CVWoDTsfi
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPN2BL3CL8N
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP1WPTAHZ1m
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNDxxjCpNcV
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ340wXNixcG
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbLuHDCBHEK
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4riJ4vzSv3
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIPxCkxLqKC
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOAMhrovGbp
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJC7094Swbx
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIKHy2EObSO
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWqPggckZxK
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE242oH1UvA
就算食到都消化不良啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlZwm051a0X
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站
108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU4ALtSjTxB
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡobHa57gNwp
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn8wZuKxwlQ
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkzASOmAVSB
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0YHye8xUTC
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAcWSTNo8lb
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZvFGx8VVc2
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMBecRLRbkV
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt0Vyq4c51Z
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8zjIyAdF8V
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJi6Mu54r9b
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1Sg31f9VzW
美洲有耕地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4jAgkT1AQE
非洲有人力108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU5QzrWQkBh
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpWuV8Zckdv
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeLRqDVacYO
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwlutXXONLs
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk76L8Ejpto
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRxhV8eJmiv
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7EoFzjYx75
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC8sYEyoPWV
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLMEHTWM0sa
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0EpeqfL12x
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMfjQdci2Rq
由此激發各國投入人力物力108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7XzXe7kB5W
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC7ufj4huV4
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjbqD5eYuBW
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkbwyCuRnsr
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG5omCPe4ic
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK2wpLvLnJB
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyo23sl21Pm
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0o5FH1y0Cf為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbs4E9gsydR
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgm1bFsiefu
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFBgK3h32VJ
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl7oWvp7yJj
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOgzos6AMau
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgXB13bPwx3
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZA3LoxKNtX
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlxWObb81VR
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkvjuiq7MuZ
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLqz9gPFLtj
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeOrIhSyr4E
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnr1UAkCugZ
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCPyqkh8vnP
準備選出新教宗喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVE65hPYRyt
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbqgIaTXXuM
自16世紀起108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtXvq7jTD0j
呢個小圈子選舉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQUYQD1hd5z
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ018bdEDEtr
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAD5Aiqi6Zk
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6uI0hoFlxj
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQFGeodFdql
有時仲會大打出手108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGjMWwqq413
好似1605年3月嗰次108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWjgYhYz5M0
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0VvuOQj6hT
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoNsQN44X4c
不過呢個唔係今集重點108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD5KLAFE4Aa
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzDXFlyrpAZ
我直接講個結果：108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡekoyNJZObu
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqOcgVf3aJs
法號伍朋八世108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBgpO1aTSR0
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCSG8ZbtuNa
…108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPNiBsZ8Z3Y
..108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgD5aOdOKni
.108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5ZI5rtmkjn
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYO0RypoCql
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqThwzAZi07
佢地其實係病死嘅108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7eWrAYwcny
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTiJwjSutdQ
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLu837PdWYj
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGFq6lSSCSd
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡThRUf9SgZv
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq7T8PnFsMJ
係會令人發燒同病死108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWcrqluhh3u
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIheqJ3AaHb
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJiIxJ9vb07
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa1eLYhZCzv
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzZvz7ey7TP
帶返去羅馬本土喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKXHMZ3Fh3G
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV8UNxfmvoz
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV7wJZX4BTX
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRyKHE7XgGq
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZwaqc1OGwy
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBYCQzHjvpg
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXCDBM6wpRC
額我略十五世唔遲唔早108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtcLWIs98Ce
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMxb4KwqV3k
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa47ZsLszRG
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIHKeejZu0n
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3wimaQIduf
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFiQ3CsKGis
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOl59ZFQ9i2
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLJlPG2alna
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnJkyX8v8zP
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6DGekKPyMv
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2YdV3jH33N
真係唔醫好過醫108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoLlrb6Cfsc
不過喺呢個大航海時代108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMNkHTUAgPL
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvwnzB9OUCv
16世紀起108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH3aQz4hEci
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjy7K8T8buM
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm7nvv8SDYW
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw3DMTJXIWX
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3scuy81ilp
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZagwPxInSP
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEMF6OcFH2O
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4ody2EEaS5
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpOxuTEOJqY
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9roEEyotWx
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfleg8LJqbu
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6MWdJniO0r
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ85sqsQikoo
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡADzFym5nWc
喺呢個地理大發現時代108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGDdWNmr4Vb
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUDjsKgltu0
呢個故事嘅主要成份108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrwuhOkSP0V
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPWfy6ZM9s1
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0GeAXphO9A
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi0DCq7yNBq
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrP1VxtSVgS
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJTb90cmxMX
咁有農地自然就要灌溉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXTkneXxdx6
而灌溉自然就會有積水108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1FWmsyGqcZ
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDNqGusoGMM
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsKhKSYdJRV
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ91nlQiLKq9
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrgT0mzc9W4
自16世紀中期起108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwuUgs8U73m
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡScm7fzze1g
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUbmF3iKZyI
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTsp5dZc1k0
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvLYgZmxhOW
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRtfC5jQqFc
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2ozrsGcmZ7
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuH3DaSndPJ
如無意外108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFy7C4RYCgs
呢啲新興嘅殖民地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYQRB4wxbzA
將會同羅馬一樣108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2KPzLf6Rd5
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi2wcrkduiY
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxvrW2Yty2N
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDfyVKG4IEX
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDaPXzbqPeG
不過喺利馬108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhtKYUUW1JV
情況就有啲唔同108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡduyY9DtzrY
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUyzg94nZBh
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU02TCaju9H
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY1ZWzzYNtn
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPwCHfda4tc
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr1k4kLIQXX
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeb7jmI6V9t
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUS5LWoRFxd
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhcGeTJVGGu
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeX3ceZzlVg
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRgNQ7brNb3
不過喺嗰個年代108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGRXGele07Z
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl4jhyIANbP
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFTpoD3r5b3
其實當時耶穌會啲教士108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZx3g66WMM3
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡathoxLxxKC
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGO2jW7HbsV
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjVcL2Xlfhe
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCTedTfWvyd
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmc7PusjaIz
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWpDq2GNwxb
因為會引起間歇性高燒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKIHvQ0EdtI
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXcQCSJzDMM
點知咁啱得咁橋108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfsLkbYRNep
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8xsIKoehju
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfx0X1jqBi7
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCKHdXqN4Da
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdKvsitYgpY
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTOfia2AVoy
最後喺1632年108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9Yw7voiZTV
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYhfiDH73uy
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNEmx48NEjz
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6qOzFEnPgE
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXAU2QhyKQe
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEciV15eVLh
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhCSg0fyseT
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQplQLp6tzV
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsSqmfoRNzz
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnjftASrts8
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7If5DFccfg
遇到咩奇難雜症都好108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUvRRD7Fkt4
只要將自己嘅問題108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqcGLWRNPXN
變埋做其他人嘅問題108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhTlTbJeENh
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFnYL9Fz99E
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxzOjklM0BN
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgcHiofcFrm
佢發夢都唔會諗到108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTQ6jSDWcjm
佢嗰個大轉移108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrV9rluXtLY
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAb6ZZrspcE
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy2TAYR1GTx
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv1M47c7rRx
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhMKYN776T3
視乎你從咩角度睇啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD2wgAGVnC6
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoLscZtGxon
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGmOW5NbuHI
現實就係喺嗰時108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU3uMx6Y1SA
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYeH2aMX8eT
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBJ7HZozrsH
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCV8U5Qqstq
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFyKMxeARw9
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2Q3ps5B4DF
都只係數字嚟啫108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdPMtSECtlG
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFlcFBcqt1f
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB0VRYwVe2N
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9yxQuFBmeT
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcqu3RTGbjD
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxSNeRL3yCX
1）苦到仆街108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS8qqTXImsT
2）有毒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7T3RA9WQkC
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9iMZoCl2i1
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQGK0H44hZk
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA1Z49kEBMC
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLf2WQOV3b1
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcVQwirpJyu
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUxfew57lge
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfGgnbTTk3c
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTcnVrLAatn
以奎寧為例108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf5Ba7bxNuB
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv8OSqHXoYM
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVIxYmhU6NG
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ54RW7qFM3g
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNmBHhf1xd6
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNzoLagK5oh
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy67ylqZDz0
有時會唔夠藥效108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA62WVEJMoT
有時又過量中毒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDZf3za7SRX
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNlIHiSkJom
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg7NZPvAE9a
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW8AgO9h4pH
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8dO0jSkx0E
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxuX27RZP2A
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrOavi89J8J
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHyH7n5a0vk
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHP9LGBI2uI
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIpG69hz4fu
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdG2OfLCxuV
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl6vxyD6rfS
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ82FltJJ33N
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9qBmECmrL0
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRamGESMAyL
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXPiMJYiVJ4
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxgh7VgW8ts
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8nrkF7XQf3
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcEm1QRpH6P
喺名人效應下108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAY4JONgugB
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh7UGF3SvXa
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtJIZ2ckrBU
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXXIqFdob9N
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder” 
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfGAzhd77IR
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTkgf9k3rBK
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNVq65Ef8Jr
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo2ZKhBlO8U
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxWBNZbK5MK
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1oZzPj6Ej2
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwivJVVbUFg
要大規模應用喺平民度108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3eQU6NQ7ld
係諗都唔使諗108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXGOkYnRUgL
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYZvyUoyVXE
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3GrQKHNh9w
正以前所未有嘅速度增長108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSsHteLtkNE
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPmp06veOWe
而研究出嚟嘅成果108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6RCXXSgJ8Y
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡznnsLSBQ4l
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdLahHAVvg9
人類了解世界嘅方式108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmAKsTjo2lW
再唔係好似以前咁108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmQzCvt7RG5
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkxagVi9YJd
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqwsAQ74I0A
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbBHQfeyx5Q
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu7eDzKWNDj
自此無論係英王嘅御醫108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdwXNuDkD8H
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd2t6gXSzf2
只要有本藥典同個磅108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9130Opnayy
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMLEY19Hc7c
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGGFQElcN8Q
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVjFBmOmkKm
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC50FUqhJMx
都深受瘧疾所困擾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf42UKSG3dm
例如喺1836年108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmDDvYyex8A
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH4im8NebKh
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6w3C5Xrlxm
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmMWtgjKhaj
死亡率更高達6成半108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOWOGbHCaS5
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe1fMIyl5DH
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKDZY20cmGK
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZVZYIwkcr0
死亡率之高108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡElbFaVqnis
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2n0LzkNufz
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnrzULE14V5
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4s4NPsbhj1
到1860年左右108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrEGSLAeIOI
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbcJm5RzsUc偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7v8bFAMvgS
奎寧供應大增108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHVrxVx6Wfy
喺滿足咗本土需求後108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ48rNxWpuQC
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDHgGu3QmZ4
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMVtPamVeWS
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWMJ21kOYlg
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc4L2BGLmUx
原因就係奎寧實在太苦108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtbwTmNWjqz
可能你地會諗：冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnmCygFCD6O
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz15iTHRC0i
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1PrgWvm1Iz
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqJC9B2Oult
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVhMqIOOmfE
就唔同咁講喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAGRTZLR9SH
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSsQuMMcIVV
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUCDwH4xlw2
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2K5hmkZLGM
服從性有幾高可想而知108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC6HRhGSb6J
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLejZXgka3N
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡESm5dcpETe
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVyWYxdrRaU
無疑係甘上加甘108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzU1lRwG7h7
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV3jaxgksm8
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgUfnyT1Kva
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrCPw571J9n
錢就使咗效果又冇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHlH6jBwlJb
咁點搞?108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMuPLNECdeq
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOPOmpYsjwM
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVMqoYJofh8
作為糖嘅發源地108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡylcBJ9Odv1
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkhLrYxy8E4
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2r5syRs7pR
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnOwZbD0UnO
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDGWgqJ0l6x
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjZLCZbytR1
溶入高濃度糖水108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfjjYlTQaSE
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKNG009eG8W
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3XYWHHjT3b
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZVZY7Sxrfi
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8MmsHDEJjg
啲軍官再進一步108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQyzUWHdHxu
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIPgKxHCQup
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
![[offtopic]](https://cdn.lihkg.com/assets/faces/normal/offtopic.gif)
108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5WGJMp2Hfo
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmpvBG4UGws
法國人曾經試過用紅酒108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsZFnxKYHti
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡma9miVyOme
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwRPZQfwhw0
味道完全唔融和108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0bo7ng9iXT
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRYhH3lhDPL
後來研究發現108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGzZHJGhWUt
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE0jSIxjlZQ
同奎寧結合成聚合體108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxTdT7WHUwA
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡafO6iPC7lU
呢個偶然嘅發現108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFpVy3R71Lz
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT9xXTGR3ZA
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡatsVn6xXgR
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzoX72lpLjf
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOslAKXpnat
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDwYiUfPga5
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTMlJ9iMHA6
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡayhgc0M8mg
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFdnfUsWUXv
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDz6IfDimCE
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKzxr2b7tyF
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgqorH7vb5n
例如喺1875年108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1TVC6Ws299
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLu3nOi5iQX
已經跌到去1.5%108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp178kq4O2Y
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCbMENAYr3b
下集會講吓108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ69aY3wlUCt
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTwDog0Mq9T
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjtbmA7INwJ
108Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtrGUFjqwKx
