吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKtN06IJYV5
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡobCVktNW5b
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJHXDC3ngJF
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLxUf5Jh1q2
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCXlP46PP4x
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbg2f5260Xx
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP1wgMROqJI
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJrYT3jDrhC
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZZiWwwv3mg
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB0muvBwaGs
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO1YUh7sTUy
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhE2TjCKG5X
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvGKexmgqeT
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCJ0QS1yAtb
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxY3FAnureY
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4UkGt3QcyU
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuBNMMfHiyB
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDF1htEMxCV
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7qZwSJ7Q39
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBDZG4U1ImM
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIdD4fwv25r
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWM1oP5Ld3y
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTlYp8vpuSY
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTbYxI2AW6m
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3GouIqWzsO
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKGGMS81PoB
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoOU9M7DxAx
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6CaYZLORYx
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紅點:Cd(OH)Cl938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4Awc2f4jjo
綠點:CdSO4938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBRoQ2aUiMr
藍點:CdCO3938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPWgN1YiUUR
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這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMSbvfNNe9d
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbrFmMYMN4N
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBm5wqvnFwQ
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拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkZ6IzYWLMI
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2KIx1mkvZn
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDBf5UIuMjh
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSqOp4FKUog
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHq3Ib01Cyf
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkkkxnIv8be
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK27AAR8pBz
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFxmHug1meX
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（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAdLJfCaa7d
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsFRlb6yclK
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZBYr3uOpfM
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOjKQzW3Nvv
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM4PK8zReKx
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe3DlSCP9ku
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQl1H8nNxnW
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnvAprWxtdQ
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm91IAU587L
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzvh6NOExtj
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2fkb48ft1f
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQIvDn9pZcx
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLNJDBqvzk8
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZxiLaUBN5q
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPNBa6XdnzH
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJxEd9Hziqf
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIa3E5LXPr6
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0hv7ZtPVCw
Link:938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0aio8sd7gO
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgt6VCiCKFz
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjdfvSkR0FW
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiquSfqMaOH
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYnaHM64u2J
938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfGBmt7r0cC
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514938Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUJU6afmo7s
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