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這系列的第一集，我們講解了PD1/PDL1的運作原理。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8IpzUDZbWl
Link: https://www.penana.com/article/471125749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbmTckUh1Hf
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第二集我們講述CTLA4與T cell功用的關係。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUzRrLz8LsW
Link:https://www.penana.com/article/472480749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv69hwpFJk4
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第三集我們講述增加T cell順利到達癌細胞位置的其中一種手段。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF1xcXSLcAd
https://www.penana.com/article/479229749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0836PLMjGS
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而這一集我們將講解一道關於檢測阻擋PD1的抗體Pembrolizumab成效的研究。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡao71HwMtjd
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關於阻檔PD1的原理及初心，可參閱第一集，其後可直接跳過第二第三集來到第四集本集。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXk7HQPMnCI
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（圖2）現今約只有20%的病人能夠從免疫治療中獲取長遠且持續的正面效果。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFZ7NuzVIEQ
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其有效的程度實屬可圈可點，如果有方法能夠盡快得知免疫治療沒有預期成效的話，那就可以即時轉用其他治療手段，把握時候嘗試用第二種方法入手打擊癌症。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡenMtnJQcdu
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對此，有科學家嘗試量度血液中癌細胞的DNA含量，觀察能否藉此方法預判免疫治療的效果（Ref1)。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMG9SmJiYNY
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(圖3）癌細胞DNA之所以會出現在血液中，主要由兩大途徑所成。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpIgxNR4shR
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1.癌細胞會利用血液循環系統或者淋巴系統轉移到第二個位置，749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq8iAcZvE6i
因此血液會有癌細胞的DNA。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ37MmfHETea
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2.癌細胞亦會往外釋出名Exosome的物質，裡頭亦含有癌細胞的DNA。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXw3TDm4gHM
749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8K0z1ji44k
在這裡，我們暫稱癌細胞在血液中的DNA為ctDNA，Circulating Tumor DNA。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1bzBodiHwI
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（圖4）圖中為利用阻擋PD1的抗體Pembrolizumab作治療的兩名病人結果。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH5rDMfeqES
749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEH6LMpEHYu
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紅線為電腦斷層掃描觀察癌細胞大小的影像，而黑線為量度癌細胞在血液(ctDNA)的含量，可見黑線(量度ctDNA的含量)能夠更快預判免疫治療結果成效。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡheOKhjW02Q
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而且，有另外10名接受免疫治療的病人在初期(服用藥物後6-7星期)錄得ctDNA完全下降，亦同樣能夠比電腦斷層掃描觀察更早一步預判成效。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgZubIxW4fI
749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQgJb1BWYgG
而研究中有45名免疫治療的病人在初期沒有錄得任何的ctDNA跌幅，癌細胞的體積在其後亦沒有明顯縮細。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtiVIxnktqj
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對比含放射性的電腦斷層掃描，量度血液的ctDNA只需抽取病人的血液便可，明顯簡單且快捷。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjpyXGcExps
只不過每名病人的ctDNA排組均不一樣，先前需要拿取部份癌細胞組織，才能夠有效設計檢測ctDNA的方針。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuIpTmblTHL
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無論如何，若然日後能有研究進一步確立此方法的成效及可信性，定必大可增加對抗癌症的效益。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX1e52iz5ms
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另一方面，透過檢測血液的DNA來預先得知癌細胞的存在，亦是日後檢驗及預防癌症的主流大方向。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQMKOJdoDtk
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPUIMoThv6e
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGkn1OHgbk6
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0KYLqGAOzf
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Link:749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeDyIkMTL5w
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjNcL14b0e8
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZT6tSv1ckW
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoFPWEMrPgV
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Ref1:https://www.nature.com/articles/s43018-020-009749Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnOfb4evp4p
