過度開採環境，最終受害的只會是人類自己。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa5RNILZujc
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（圖1）19世紀，日本三井金屬礦業的神岡礦山過度開採，排出的重金屬累積在泥土裡頭，導致河旁的稻田穀物受到鎘(Cadmium)重金屬污染。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF44tsf00ff
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不知情的居民長期服用鎘污染的稻米，骨骼逐漸變得鬆脆，腎臟亦受到嚴重傷害。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZJXLfrWgHt
最終日本醫生成功證實得到病因來自攝取過量的重金屬鎘，並把患者經常呻痛的病徵命名為痛痛病(Itai-itai disease)。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKidc3UQFSp
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而稻米的鎘含度自此受到重視，世衛WHO更將大麥的鎘上限設為0.1mg kg−1，亦即是每一公斤大麥只可有一微克鎘。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8rXTi5HBwx
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（圖2）一直以來，科學家已找出不少穀物吸取或代謝重金屬的基因，把穀物改造，盡量減低重金屬累積在穀物的程度。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpMcHgCFbAp
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近日有科學家比較世界100款大麥的鎘數量(Ref1)，發現日本一款Haruna Nijo大麥的鎘含量最高(0.04mg kg−1），而阿富汗BCS318大麥款式則為最低(0.01mg kg−1）。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOmx9sFaAfN
831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL8ZI9tPvKj
（圖3）一輪比較過後，科學家證實阿富汗大麥的HvHMA3蛋白質數量比較多，為大麥減少吸收泥土鎘金屬的主因。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMeFnapYh9o
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最後證實，歸根原因是一段特定的基因安插在HvHMA3蛋白質基因的前頭，催促HvHMA3蛋白質的產生。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTaAQYTsgFi
831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYPwiFKaZw9
科學家後來再找尋另外334款大麥，發覺有54種同樣被安插在同樣位置，而那54款品種又的確是含有較少的鎘金屬數量。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsQdZat48h5
831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrzCff0nxv8
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最後，科學家把那段基因插在日本Haruna Nijo大麥的適當位置上，同樣亦能將鎘金屬數量減至與阿富汗品種相同，而產量及其他各種礦物質的含量並沒有任何的大改變。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo8JQccDyMY
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此基因的排序及位置已公開在資料庫上，好讓各種基因學家或相關人士可作參考盡量減低日後穀物的鎘金屬數量。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsl2HKgpvAA
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdLzk1i6gII
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2BYd0iDPV9
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWIZFNbfK0F
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Link:831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOZwGadaRVr
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnOz0MMbQKH
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有興趣接收科普資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1fIrOjUg7q
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Ref1:https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0130-x831Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsKL0fNiBVw
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