吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品,其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。974Please respect copyright.PENANAf43XLxsZ28974Please respect copyright.PENANAMX67tjOMmn
974Please respect copyright.PENANAADWkmQ5cto
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本,而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館(Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係(圖1的數字標記區域),自2006年起已甚少公開示人。974Please respect copyright.PENANAZDuVSJQ5WI
974Please respect copyright.PENANAKCgsjw69tU
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。974Please respect copyright.PENANAYdFb2apUTu
974Please respect copyright.PENANAIc82JkSrvr
974Please respect copyright.PENANA4LFCO2h6VQ
(圖2)為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制,有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究,並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果(Ref1)。974Please respect copyright.PENANA46m2XsPkmZ974Please respect copyright.PENANAjKcKIfjaof
974Please respect copyright.PENANAn2hoe8UyNv
Cadmium sulfide,為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。974Please respect copyright.PENANA2Z5buh94qX
974Please respect copyright.PENANAasR3quRp4S
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料,而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。974Please respect copyright.PENANANCRii9WsJq
974Please respect copyright.PENANAcz3JgOVXxR
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide,分別為Dry及Wet Method。974Please respect copyright.PENANAji223zkpxR
974Please respect copyright.PENANAZeVUiWIC8p
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式,加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式,得出的成品相對上較為純正。974Please respect copyright.PENANAT76611yBVF
974Please respect copyright.PENANAJkNxVk9Jss
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起(如圖中所示),再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。974Please respect copyright.PENANAcvB7na0GG5
基於當時技術相對上不太先進,最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。974Please respect copyright.PENANAGRmYaDchOs
974Please respect copyright.PENANACVolp0MaL8
(圖3)科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒,再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。974Please respect copyright.PENANAnPV34qiC7K974Please respect copyright.PENANAMwWLbmkhus
974Please respect copyright.PENANAvpyM7UZQfO
圖3中間的圖片,其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。974Please respect copyright.PENANAvN1MXVXUvF
974Please respect copyright.PENANAi90UHlA0nF
下方的圖片,其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。974Please respect copyright.PENANAj1kfKFjDL8
974Please respect copyright.PENANAqYONxrh1CW
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl974Please respect copyright.PENANAyrqVdW3ykr
綠點:CdSO4974Please respect copyright.PENANAvvCmIcZ9MZ
藍點:CdCO3974Please respect copyright.PENANA4PrApP8ZPw
974Please respect copyright.PENANAfH6SdjDcNf
這三種副產物,在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手,與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。974Please respect copyright.PENANAKYgfy3OxMj
974Please respect copyright.PENANAxRnkHDmUO2
(圖4)為進一步了解顏料變色的現象,他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。974Please respect copyright.PENANACWeZSyC9Tr974Please respect copyright.PENANAdCf5FKtoAQ
974Please respect copyright.PENANA8Qjn7l1NFc
拿取畫中碎片後,(圖4左方)他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物(綠點)。974Please respect copyright.PENANAilfMi7YSPX
974Please respect copyright.PENANAYYtiAnaWpO
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響,他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C,無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。974Please respect copyright.PENANA8aWTVOR7Am
974Please respect copyright.PENANAr1qCA3JFUn
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl(綠點)數量大增且集中在一起,其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。974Please respect copyright.PENANAKx4hnqPLDR
974Please respect copyright.PENANAoMQpyGU3TS
然而,用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%,攝氏為30°C,300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話,則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。974Please respect copyright.PENANA1G24jmY52M
974Please respect copyright.PENANAPoIdQyQRdK
974Please respect copyright.PENANAVOOuRk7q5k
(圖5)另外,他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。974Please respect copyright.PENANAdJbGAGIcW1974Please respect copyright.PENANAi2DH0CkiwL
974Please respect copyright.PENANAGggGhLHZjn
在畫紙塗上顏料油後,已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl(左圖綠點)。974Please respect copyright.PENANAhp4ql8voiP
974Please respect copyright.PENANAWdNznliDid
(右圖)用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%,攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後,綠點數量大增且集中在一起。974Please respect copyright.PENANAZoeL8KYfSG
974Please respect copyright.PENANAAWlY7yf9bK
974Please respect copyright.PENANA2YZ6RGbigs
(圖6)換句話說,當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油,乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇,而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。974Please respect copyright.PENANAkp5OEq7bpM974Please respect copyright.PENANA01VPAosiK2
974Please respect copyright.PENANAiz5Xs3FEq2
基於這發現,在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下,吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。974Please respect copyright.PENANADbuuL82YFK
974Please respect copyright.PENANASEZonasn8e
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。974Please respect copyright.PENANAJYqkPqbGro
974Please respect copyright.PENANAXzhNpPRMHB
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc974Please respect copyright.PENANAyxZynpbOXU
974Please respect copyright.PENANAqYSS6d8GhC
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。974Please respect copyright.PENANAT5CXrDpit3
974Please respect copyright.PENANAW7nZ2Lp7oh
Link:974Please respect copyright.PENANAsviGN4XMnW
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio974Please respect copyright.PENANAE2uHTVWDWC
974Please respect copyright.PENANANILsSxQyw2
974Please respect copyright.PENANAurnafW4PX8
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。974Please respect copyright.PENANAHhBsTuMqtz
974Please respect copyright.PENANAwP7IJdpseM
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514974Please respect copyright.PENANAwkjjgv0y46