吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL1cDxhk7k5
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyhqmtNHtX8
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIaVtscQPT4
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcPrvFzcOJs
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiV5cJq1vlR
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUaUEhwbtFl
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3lVIxPOiGs
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ43ZcFPpp59
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu9GzJNsNau
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWuAVNct2or
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMrWuW9RZ8n
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwI3zibKoUr
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy6oyNAglgU
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPeZ6Z8FoWf
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkN0MfGIeSF
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ41ewWr7mcv
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvXehFOBKar
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvnPwO0Knhm
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs7J1LWvb7e
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjMsCiGD86Q
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx9D0ItySGq
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwMXHgBZjPa
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiojahOZqFW
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJGK5G4AKYm
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA2kgmiAbl0
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQd1C6v1VS7
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpOreXwyVS3
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMW0mRogqkl
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMHf0S3VRTU
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEHBkMv4RYf
綠點:CdSO4907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWqQrC6nIQd
藍點:CdCO3907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCStB6Ooogx
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp3djrmh8aX
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl8RkyWCwRa
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPBSz4wrzv4
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjJJTsAJFUJ
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLo8XmzSUUa
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAZTf6dHJcT
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsozeCqMr6T
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPcYMEn35hQ
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhWJGowSUGc
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2sjiVCjmV0
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnyd5IOwhUS
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ1o9UK5ZN2
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2VH0uKabbf
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsb8sX61bzt
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFqaBjGfUPA
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvsIeyHMHZq
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLbzriyyNEh
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs2riZBWrZb
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQMwGJWiPyo
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz08q3kNeAc
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx0wCT4N4Zo
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡninLnBh1PJ
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjy11fvbGWb
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9WEaANxTut
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7ZDEISfnoB
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsa8gI1ila4
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZcMiKgWLEe
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC0j0ZwFWYT
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFSI2Ex1mH4
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw8j3kJZY1Z
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5Q9dFHV6Ov
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIroI3dQXru
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyXuw2RgfKA
Link:907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsmWVqWSqAo
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2bhBeg3vap
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMEu68nHOxm
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJEDN4gosUQ
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqq0cs5hd6i
907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9RjDS26QHQ
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514907Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHkTymXRrjt
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