吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqt4TXwzxTX
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他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9QG7BaT9jV
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB84WHIni34
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyh6CAIYTyZ
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ld3mW20ge
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（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5aqbDE6xXL
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Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwzgGKlfyMc
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡor596fon6J
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5YBDkw03o1
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBrw3KNlmik
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLOozxW7RLP
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwaQzdaJGHu
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhiSgRvCZmW
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZXnnevB9vq
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX4mX36yWJX
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjn20eMOox9
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUhAY7SW4KT
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjJ9hAggJkl
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圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡamLC56hM9q
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM4pIZmM5UP
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfx2EJXlakK
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紅點:Cd(OH)Cl985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw9gDyJN2TS
綠點:CdSO4985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcI7NaXE0hM
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這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIttNIqtJp4
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZORYblrSn5
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbGQ1tk2ABF
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拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyHMAp1DM4f
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjXbEgsvZLZ
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtoHyqjiiJP
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他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzLinj2TNrR
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然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL9fM0me0f3
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcOZF2Y6K2u
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（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhsl2qV0QHe
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMrtzR1ga9l
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在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ470LeEphmr
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGyGF6Pw9pP
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3BDzpaqrgT
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡez9XXghA9A
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡls9xArJBc5
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPiHthv4Qfd
985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7DaJPKQdP9
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基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbaxOJAimuM
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp2Eu70K3Fy
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYP7mKiw4gs
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ57OLKdI1hf
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Link:985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiFbNkJBT0d
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbTpSTE1acW
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6VvyNaw9k1
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Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514985Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDHhJRojkgd
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