科普專欄–薯不揀單 - 深入淺出–利用污水調查人口社會狀況

日常家中的污水，會排放至污水處理廠作淨化處理。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBmYPMQkF93
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但你有沒有想過，污水其實包含著各式各樣的資料呢?67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUymZoEvJd1
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（圖2）圖中的星星為北京市的中心，而八個英文字母的所在地則為污水處理廠的位置。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyBbdAIyPdw
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有科學家特意從八道污水處理廠拿取未經處理過的污水，檢測裡頭的抗生素濃度（Ref1)，初心是因為出自於人民對抗生素使用的認知不足。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfYUF8icAKN
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（圖3）中國在2017年對11,192個大學生作問卷調查，發現67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMBr3kkUOSx
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41%學生認為服食抗生素能夠加快流感治癒速度、67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡatu8ILxiMR
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63%學生的家中有抗生素儲備，67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdaTQebWNaA
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56%學生未經醫生許可購買抗生素。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb1jfGnHBZ2
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其中913個學生中，有66%因報告疑似流惑徵狀而獲發抗生素。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeYXo1Oc3un
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流感是由病毒引起，抗生素並不會有助治療，反之濫用抗生素只會助長細菌建立抗性，百害而無一利。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjjOYe8G64n
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（圖4）各種抗生素最終會有部份從排泄物的方式排出體外。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcj7OJCHbdt
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而基於各污水處的污水的Ammonium(銨)與附近的住宅人口調查成正比的關係，只要將抗生素在污水中的濃度與人體新陳代謝的比率作出調整，然後再除Ammonium的濃度，就可以獲得各地區市民服用抗生素的大概狀況。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT9mF5v47AR
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（圖5）最後計算結果為:67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0jnijrofc6
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北京市每1萬人口每日服用約21.9克的抗生素。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNqlF8s1awJ
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文中作者聲稱，此數據比早前的數據低出70%，判斷中國推行抗生素管理政策後非常有效。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrzIpQQ0NYh
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而這種利用污水來調查人口社會狀況，學名為Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE)，不少國家亦都有廣泛使用的報告，其中印度芬蘭等國家亦在污水中找出武肺病毒的存在，而啟動病毒來源追溯程序。67Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKLbvl77Z3V
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Ref1:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018320877copyright protection63ＰＥＮＡＮＡmMqgaLT5n6