普遍來說，雞肉和豬肉我們通常都會煮熟才吃，但牛肉就偏偏可以選擇幾成熟來品嘗，究竟點解呢？796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6weiuPuGfV
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事實上，生吃食物始終會有一定風險，有機會導致食物中毒，純粹因為牛肉的風險相對比雞肉和豬肉較低，所以才有「生食」牛肉的選擇。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpqKwkdlcMc
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0dM0maE1jW
近在2020年6月，美國號令回收4萬三千磅牛肉，原因就是化驗證實那批牛肉含有令人腹瀉的大腸幹菌，老是在美國牛肉常出現的O157:H7品種。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAxdKIbRswR
（這不是食神劇情，而是確實新聞，Ref1)796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz6QLrZEjD0
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXmM6vySxFY
而自從90年代發現這品種後，美國規定牛肉出售前必須測量是否含有某幾種令人肚瀉的大腸幹菌。這一次為何能夠流出市面，那就不得而知了。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfIlAZ6RiC9
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZK9oi7Rxbs
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ65ap4tvuAJ
在繼續講解之前，我們先以超簡略的方式認識一下細菌的外部構造。（圖2）796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsdRrYe9ag7
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCNFMYLUCzO
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoS0mU7NFwk
Capsule796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZBP0A2Alvk
防止細菌脫水796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUsXVl1iUBD
保護自己免被人類的吞噬細胞吞噬796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQodNueLIbQ
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgRnAZGUWkO
Pili796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGF818KxPMr
用來抓實接觸面，例如腸道壁膜，同時亦都可以用來幫助移動796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfsSz5bQTAk
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhBI50kBqte
Flagellum796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡczqiOg9f4j
會以螺旋槳的方式轉動，讓細菌可以隨意走動796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoIiVcM2MPK
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT5AFI6j3MK
如有興趣想知道細菌和病毒的分別，可閱讀我之前所寫的文章796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYsgoGtyZ8y
https://www.penana.com/article/465358796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzsrRExKxQe
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOIqo4Sbuns
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbeIL7YQsO9
（圖3）令人腹瀉的大腸幹菌有好多種，而經常因為食用未煮熟的牛肉而出現在新聞的是Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWhfNJp7Biw
顧名意義，它們能夠釋放Shiga toxin這有毒物質，而E coli則是大腸幹菌的簡稱。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxKNoxEJRxQ
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796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ12gxKKMHLN
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwOHaCTWlbZ
O157:H7品種，就是STEC的一種，潛伏期為2-3日。它們被曾證實可以逗留在外間土壤21個月有多，只有70度以上高溫才能確保徹底消滅它們。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsKFmYoFGGP
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ78S7l4Dl0i
它們最為麻煩的地方，就是能夠抵禦胃酸，有能力從胃部游走到腸道。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZSEldH6Ows
到達腸道位置後，它們所釋放的Shiga toxin能夠對腸壁的細胞造成傷害，引致腹瀉及脫水。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhN4yyDGqHr
嚴重情況下更會引致溶血性尿毒綜合症(HUS)，對腎臟造成長久傷害。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLHohVfPzsC
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiP4yXQsDWq
而最「令人意想不到」的是，此病絕對不可以用抗生素來醫治。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVcnalzq6rZ
因為用抗生素來傷害它們的話，只會導致更多Shiga toxin從它們身上釋出體外，適得其反。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKmPcmygOP6
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlrYIrxefHe
通常情況下，醫生會抽取病人的糞便樣本，斷症腹瀉是否由STEC而起。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb6vplIu6Yi
如果屬實，可以做的方法就是盡量讓病人補充水份，避免脫水情況過於嚴重，並等待身體自我康復。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTucFv2s7PA
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ08TurCAekW
照這個情況來看，或者，侵侵吃Well Done牛排是有他的道理......796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK5VNsZnxut
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDouzPt64S7
當然，如果牛肉來貨沒有問題，而處理上一切衛生措施做足的話，應該不會引起太大問題的。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUwICBgcn6b
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuNxg2w6Zwo
至少我都暫時未試過因為食生牛扒而肚瀉。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ65b3jRusvn
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFgYG8S5utF
（在摸著木塊下的情況寫下這句。）796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXtx3yJhLYd
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvLCdvFiEeQ
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMAlyXPJS6n
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMkaup7HrQF
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6SPGgSl0ft
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCJbrxBFUne
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs4FUWEnJff
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBCs7SUuTdq
Link:796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7YAGDxAfG9
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL9XbCnDXZm
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKMIsZo8VzN
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVh3CyG9oLW
有興趣接收科普資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGHilLhomrB
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUS6wyOiaom
796Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNxSyI81wFq
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