普遍來說，雞肉和豬肉我們通常都會煮熟才吃，但牛肉就偏偏可以選擇幾成熟來品嘗，究竟點解呢？856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQi6BrvXNK3
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事實上，生吃食物始終會有一定風險，有機會導致食物中毒，純粹因為牛肉的風險相對比雞肉和豬肉較低，所以才有「生食」牛肉的選擇。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVp6h4ZeWLS
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近在2020年6月，美國號令回收4萬三千磅牛肉，原因就是化驗證實那批牛肉含有令人腹瀉的大腸幹菌，老是在美國牛肉常出現的O157:H7品種。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7zNZdrY4NN
（這不是食神劇情，而是確實新聞，Ref1)856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAQlyGrgpVV
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而自從90年代發現這品種後，美國規定牛肉出售前必須測量是否含有某幾種令人肚瀉的大腸幹菌。這一次為何能夠流出市面，那就不得而知了。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaIuRVnwwCm
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在繼續講解之前，我們先以超簡略的方式認識一下細菌的外部構造。（圖2）856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx5KGLttmLu
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Capsule856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIcPFAfdmj1
防止細菌脫水856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ07gCd64I5L
保護自己免被人類的吞噬細胞吞噬856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ96s4X2bZz
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Pili856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu31G34HGqJ
用來抓實接觸面，例如腸道壁膜，同時亦都可以用來幫助移動856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMc19OfHiPB
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Flagellum856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJkbJagXGiY
會以螺旋槳的方式轉動，讓細菌可以隨意走動856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxzbtrvSQmn
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如有興趣想知道細菌和病毒的分別，可閱讀我之前所寫的文章856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD99eirEKdF
https://www.penana.com/article/465358856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4Z9GZMZAHK
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（圖3）令人腹瀉的大腸幹菌有好多種，而經常因為食用未煮熟的牛肉而出現在新聞的是Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡskUHqOTJM1
顧名意義，它們能夠釋放Shiga toxin這有毒物質，而E coli則是大腸幹菌的簡稱。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeHJWgLZZ4x
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O157:H7品種，就是STEC的一種，潛伏期為2-3日。它們被曾證實可以逗留在外間土壤21個月有多，只有70度以上高溫才能確保徹底消滅它們。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpxvDQzmPU6
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它們最為麻煩的地方，就是能夠抵禦胃酸，有能力從胃部游走到腸道。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR6d4fWX9AA
到達腸道位置後，它們所釋放的Shiga toxin能夠對腸壁的細胞造成傷害，引致腹瀉及脫水。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuUQZWNAgiz
嚴重情況下更會引致溶血性尿毒綜合症(HUS)，對腎臟造成長久傷害。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeOnT49fuk6
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而最「令人意想不到」的是，此病絕對不可以用抗生素來醫治。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSW2yLBdPeD
因為用抗生素來傷害它們的話，只會導致更多Shiga toxin從它們身上釋出體外，適得其反。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHA6gF1q3NW
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通常情況下，醫生會抽取病人的糞便樣本，斷症腹瀉是否由STEC而起。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUVbqqvrBPR
如果屬實，可以做的方法就是盡量讓病人補充水份，避免脫水情況過於嚴重，並等待身體自我康復。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHvMuFNHm0N
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照這個情況來看，或者，侵侵吃Well Done牛排是有他的道理......856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡenKbVeMGaM
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當然，如果牛肉來貨沒有問題，而處理上一切衛生措施做足的話，應該不會引起太大問題的。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡruwysnyzy6
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至少我都暫時未試過因為食生牛扒而肚瀉。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡopwMO5oL8V
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（在摸著木塊下的情況寫下這句。）856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqKTLB83ng1
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡatYGsFD9IX
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWVsC3zVSY9
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn8uBnlaUrf
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Link:856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWzFRHZ2aFx
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNa4patpNlJ
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有興趣接收科普資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。856Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzpxzmvQcZ5
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