吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvY394Qam1x
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHdVkTiViXk
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ5PfMnbNve
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6BHHxHwVEB
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjMTLajE45C
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEKWAxeIJlB
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsiVrK8gEdc
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiysBKlJYP4
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡujX7XFJ7Hl
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡniRKV6exk8
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGpnyQP0wNO
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsv9d4uHW78
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiI0qso70mk
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6OrTMs2fGr
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIvUOiB6N7j
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVAnNjnVoQ3
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU5oTWfbVba
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡedJM2JveI0
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI8xvW6I87l
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQYPNziI6xq
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOtpyjdxfKY
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMoB5jOE0tF
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ23Dml86qEH
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNC8neSpezs
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFFCJiZEVvx
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaZzvbUg3g1
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ6I8qZq7Da
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2gkF4WmSgT
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2IqfLB77A5
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrJw2jCYCzS
綠點:CdSO4982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAjuMk2DxGk
藍點:CdCO3982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjxqIDGQRQm
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFqdCrqz5Zy
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbhkzuw61Si
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKHznjwCo7X
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa1l9LhvfhQ
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFVVwzRVWPV
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1eNs7Q99MC
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGvNbDFzsuw
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrCTrbighXx
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbboK6zqgay
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc2bOlcXcNt
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡojmpPHfNXm
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfx9yLjLgoB
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5xW0sZmeRH
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO6DQgFQKDp
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfCJFlxcrla
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7POkuCGP1t
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA8g8qKKcAF
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4IZyzP8xDl
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt1ri0Pe5Xv
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbXZtRossnz
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ07CM6W0PTd
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxKjUKuGkxg
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5peEUMtQ1b
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJrdZIAukKs
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5mQ4at44rz
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6TJRAEtpxo
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTmjtBSBEqL
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoAOwpAHTrn
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpLMwcd09Z0
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcSdOQhr0sZ
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpsCzuy8hRS
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLC78Q5zjO9
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQA2dXlajx2
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ivFZRKFXO
Link:982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡam6WDqpa4o
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeYw5Csxjob
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWmDPsxQhHM
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYTX3hv11mj
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwXZbn5L33A
982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJy7P054cq8
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514982Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAMWsOQ0krT
Penana
search
登入arrow_drop_down
註冊arrow_drop_down
