吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNjvDvw9Td7
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzjYaHbN2a0
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWBveJjL75l
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh1ces5rJLZ
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnqnDGqHR23
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY9RWFMqD1r
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS9B7H7OOXS
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW40vFPqoGh
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuk6P8MJaCX
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPHypWQkhE7
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQKxajOSR5T
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5DtEIPT6QQ
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgE3D6AO1uC
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLN5Z76nEmx
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkjtHhjASrw
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYFVkNwntf7
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEZVeU4gpWN
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ79tbT1i9gy
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd0w7R17Kj3
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzkCkeWNyRE
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhPvaqmh5jc
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0a3m5GfVoE
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg3KhCY3CjF
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEeA0g1Cs7r
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcdeBfuGCCO
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFsUbKJiZyD
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwZzzF3aihl
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtYAHYwIj17
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT50dw9jg3U
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz7fbJO1hHp
綠點:CdSO4926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDwAEKhxh1X
藍點:CdCO3926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrw61auICOu
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf0dHPcwrjC
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFtksIpBE5R
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKJFJh9S2cj
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyCK5jq9weu
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtd5g3UZKLq
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR3cWnVx7kc
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2NLqDgEEkl
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCbbMfOG40z
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlbVQ7IyMcN
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpTfdGuEEQd
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLsv7UxcAOU
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdr74CPxdqe
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdjh4mqW3Z1
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4ejF0tOWHe
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAUUoRltQqG
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaWId3jK86C
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdLRKEqAKKF
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxIgeBhWT1e
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ3D197ScMS
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡewljsbaIdm
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv9NnQpamMR
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfCnuZ3AuNq
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaMnDzTZfvU
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg2tBYVfNVs
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt3jXa12x3z
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwNPMTTGTYl
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6DpEWIOmKG
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLsQFzFyMyd
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSNRXxn7mJZ
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjF0zrpceNT
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA9qwXbRB3M
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡctqtatiYaG
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHZby6qk5EZ
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgeajmcZOkh
Link:926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ49guIAltwg
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwismaBssBr
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ87TrcdtRfu
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQsUVMeWDU3
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0Snd2NWFaP
926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvKUOBvKEUl
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514926Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4QEN95XFIE
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