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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtIHysV1deE
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjqH1FgdjAs
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqKD38AagDX
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPP7h64mQZL
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSuNrglM94b
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因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNj3CMlyEAT
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv8qa1FIbP3
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7jRjvVfklq
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg2v8u3ZIKF
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIfAHC5Gj3U
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzgEuAoUuA7
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRxmhku1lYe
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzRehtvDCOB
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfJlEtpi3yW
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ68hjM8bfas
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYeLNKb3gfi
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcGDsCF4iPH
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFLmD5wDUUV
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBXPLBr3wFF
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUCaPX1wjqr
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCpsuwHjZLn
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRKpizjA2oT
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy8l3IaTN4B
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvDi6Il5ecF
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ4kJj2mtCF
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOXBT9V2MGS
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQzigrjcrO8
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUhzlfmS7vp
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6eWdzXJ4EM
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512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡILN4N8KofX
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡso84d3L3ji
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5qo3AxDEd6
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfb0ZdURuiy
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同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmgghxqQt0I
512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6wDhxjvzUE
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVFplyESPss
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8y3tbnQJS3
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnCGABHm5jT
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvC3OuFdmXo
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Link:512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiU6uHw6S34
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTJf9I4u1Is
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEoOlk3w3tI
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/512Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtXxJPrjwun
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
