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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOrQyo6908B
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ84ONh3v8lu
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqP0RZ09kxl
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡggnKmxjciy
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk8ZjQ8aR3g
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480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGSWELr226c
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1fsut7qyGa
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBg9ejS2RDk
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJohPw1oIcN
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6cHfybfmi6
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzBuykHaHcX
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjg8T2Wjiq0
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXV50Y1mppm
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Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqJPouw9YiI
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUWV3Zi4N3x
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡco6MHjxgyI
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWwKE2dI7E0
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4HAVtid3vI
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2WTR73MrLr
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrR6AVdXwDp
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzTBo3B4MBZ
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0kukkAZRcC
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFHca39ou0Y
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvzlRsMtNiK
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtoalSWXPtU
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVAgyFrH5Pj
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm2VlLWvjkU
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyaP4Ndf0nd
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9AV4Y7z79U
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顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgaFLHYsfNY
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtkstGTQ7h0
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz7WiqztqUt
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同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNgHdEVj8G7
480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCZRgE3Kazc
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGtuLc4yNHQ
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNwtGQrxuLW
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4K9HXnivuv
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkf22NvOveQ
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Link:480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3Nea0sSULt
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTi0Sk9r5P1
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。480Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtvaangnOXn
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
