全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9ENl1RKLsr
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgDD39UHEgn
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZLaboq3CAx
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzEOKfPwgL4
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7FZfvGJydF
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRuiAmi5Cok
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOdvrjxZIcv
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHOqxE7M2qE
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBJ74Tw7p0J
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMWvh4UCozd
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsQnTCkRzr7
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD0V3nIGJtO
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQoEhbxpA22
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuPsADHd31g
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4OMSZstpFK
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0TTHS94bN7
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeCbMGuIXmH
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxEfDG3h1AA
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpxwZ4mOAPp
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfXoOLGrgwd
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbPNB0ka6wz
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5KGJsydWdQ
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEwhYj2Vc2u
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ4UuvGX4DB
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9gXlQDlDQx
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwIXVWDKyss
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlojbjL5Ijb
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw8f7i8Nkhp
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP1vbQ8ZkAW
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRBTmoiDMUL
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCgNN95b5Wc
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI5IWKJGDnL
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxYx8FcTf0H
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwhN4DOqVvO
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi5eQJUmIKE
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3t1EaSwv7c
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLPciJdXNUi
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaxHKR8NVgQ
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqp8RHqzmC1
522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0CPiACGpkj
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFgsqv550yQ
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMAQtjpYf2r
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqO1cHGvCUY
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjY1Sc2LRML
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Link:522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPuhOiiNQj1
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡitdYQJDbkD
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。522Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr9HNPNhIbC
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
